海南岛1988—2018年畜禽粪尿氮磷负荷量及环境效应  

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads and Their Environmental Effects of Animal Manure in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018

作　　者：丁尚 付阳 郭浩浩 宋晨阳 李博玲 赵洪伟[1] DING Shang;FU Yang;GUO HaoHao;SONG ChenYang;LI BoLing;ZHAO HongWei(College of Ecology and Environment,Hainan University/Key Laboratory of A&F Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province/Center for Eco-Environmental Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province,Haikou 570228;College of Animal Science and Technology,Hainan University,Haikou 570228;Animal Husbandry Technology Station of Hainan Province,Haikou 570100)

机构地区：[1]海南大学生态与环境学院/海南省农林环境过程与生态调控重点实验室/海南省热带生态环境修复工程研究中心,海口570228 [2]海南大学动物科技学院,海口570228 [3]海南省畜牧技术推广站,海口570100

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2020年第18期3752-3763,共12页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：海南省重大科技项目(ZDKJ2017002)。

摘　　要：【目的】揭示海南畜禽养殖业发展过程中粪尿氮磷养分流动情况及其对环境的影响,为区域农业发展规划和畜禽养殖结构调整提供参考。【方法】基于统计资料和文献数据,定量估算1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿养分产生量、单位耕地面积养分承载量,并利用畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值和环境风险指数深入分析其对环境的影响,当畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值<0.4时,可认为对环境无威胁,而当环境风险指数在1.00以下时,对环境的风险可忽略,在安全数值以上即会对环境产生不同程度的影响。【结果】1988—2018年间,海南岛畜禽粪尿产生量变化经历了3个阶段,1988—2005年整体上升,2006—2008年下降较多,此后缓慢发展并趋于稳定,到2018年畜禽粪尿产生量为10.50×10^6 t,就养分产生量来看,粪尿氮磷年际间变化趋势相似,2005年产生量最多,2006年出现较大幅度下降,到2018年粪尿氮产生量为7.41×10^4 t,粪尿磷产生量为1.01×10^4 t。单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量也经历了先增加后稳定的过程,到2018年耕地氮负荷168.80 kg·hm^-2,耕地磷负荷为23.05 kg·hm^-2。2018年区域间差异较大,东部和北部地区单位耕地面积氮磷负荷量较高,西部和中部地区偏低,其中氮和磷负荷最高的是定安(分别为288.50和40.35 kg·hm^-2),最低的是东方(分别为61.66和8.83 kg·hm-2)。就环境效应来看,1988—2018年海南岛畜禽粪尿耕地负荷预警值始终处于较高水平,大多数年份在1.0—1.5,分级标准中达到Ⅳ级,对环境有较严重的威胁。2018年,定安和澄迈等地预警值分别为2.66和4.59,预警分级达Ⅵ级,对环境有很严重的威胁,仅东方处于安全水平,数值为0.36,为Ⅰ级。就环境风险评价结果来看,海南岛耕地上畜禽粪污环境风险较高,近年随着养殖总量的控制有所降低,2018年环境风险指数下降到1.99(以氮计)和1.32(以磷计)。在区域水平上,就氮素的环境污染�【Objective】The objective of this study is to reveal the flow characteristics of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) in manure and their effects to the environment during the development of livestock and poultry breeding in Hainan, and to provide references for regional agricultural development planning and adjustment of livestock and poultry breeding structure.【Method】Based on the statistical data and literature data, the nutrient yield of animal manure and nutrient carrying capacity per unit cultivated area in Hainan Island from 1988 to 2018 were estimated, and their effects to the environment were deeply analyzed by using alarm value and environmental risk index. When the alarm value is less than 0.4, it can be considered as no threat to the environment, and when the environmental risk index is below 1.00, the risk to the environment can be ignored, above these safety values will have different degrees of impacts on the environment.【Result】From 1988 to 2018, the changes of the animal manure amount in Hainan Island experienced three stages. The total amount of animal manure increased from 1988 to 2005, and decreased a lot from 2006 to 2008. Since then it developed slowly and stabilized, and the amount of animal manure produced in 2018 was 10.50×106 t. In terms of nutrient yield, the annual variation trends of nitrogen and phosphorus were similar, with the largest yield in 2005 and a relatively large decline in 2006. To 2018, the yields of nitrogen and phosphorus in manure were 7.41×104 and 1.01×104 t, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads per unit cultivated land area also experienced a stable trend after continuous increasing. To 2018, cultivated land nitrogen load was 168.80 kg·hm-2, and cultivated land phosphorus load was 23.05 kg·hm-2. In 2018, regional variations were relatively large. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads per unit cultivated area were higher in eastern and northern regions, while lower in western and central regions. The highest nitrogen and phosphorus loads were Dingan(28

关 键 词：海南岛 畜禽粪尿 氮磷负荷量 环境效应 

分 类 号：X713[环境科学与工程—环境工程]