论康德Sein论题中的逻辑谓词与实在谓词——从二项解读模式到三项解读模式  

On Logical Predicates and Real Predicates in Kant's Sein Thesis--From the Mode of Binomial Interpretation to Trinomial Interpretation

作　　者：舒远招 韩广平 Shu Yuanzhao;Han Guangping

机构地区：[1]湖南大学岳麓书院哲学系

出　　处：《哲学动态》2020年第9期59-68,F0003,共11页Philosophical Trends

摘　　要：康德“Sein论题”中的“逻辑谓词”与“实在谓词”究竟指什么,这是一个有争议的话题。人们或者把系词和存在断定词一概视为逻辑谓词,或者认为系词就是逻辑谓词,但其实只能把存在断定词理解为逻辑谓词——尽管在“Gott ist”命题中,系词ist充当了存在断定词。对实在谓词也有先验论和经验论两条解读思路。本文将实在谓词理解为分析命题的谓词,即述说“上帝”这类“可能事物”之“先验实在性”或“规定”的谓词概念;而被述说的“先验实在性”或“规定”则是实在谓词的客体。但不少人要么将实在谓词理解为综合的主谓关系命题的谓词,要么将其理解为综合的实存性命题的谓词。把分析的实存性命题的谓词“存在”当作逻辑谓词,把综合的实存性命题的谓词“实存”当作实在谓词,这种富有特色的做法忽略了真正的实在谓词,也遮蔽了“实存概念的精确规定”,因而需要由包含以下三个要素的解读模式来取代:(1)述说上帝这类可能事物的先验实在性的实在谓词;(2)在本体论证明中被混淆为实在谓词的逻辑谓词,即分析的实存性命题的实存谓词;(3)“实存概念的精确规定”,这是综合的实存性命题的谓词。How to understand Kant's notions of“logical predicate”and“real predicate”in his“Sein thesis”is a controversial topic.Some scholars regard both copula and position of“being”as logical predicates,while others hold that only copulas are logical predicates.In fact,however,only positions of being can be understood as logical predicates,although in the“Gott ist”proposition copula“ist”acts as position of“being”.There are also two approaches to interpreting a real predicate:transcendentalism and empiricism.In this paper,the real predicate will be understood as the predicate of analytic proposition,that is,the predicate that describes“transcendental reality”or“determination”of“the possible thing”like God,while the“transcendental reality”or“determination”which is described is the object of that real predicate.Many people nevertheless understand it as either a predicate of a synthetic subject-predicate relation proposition or a predicate of a synthetic existential proposition.The kind of approach that takes the predicate“being”of the analytic existential proposition as a logical predicate,and the predicate“exist”of the'synthetic existential proposition as a real predicate,ignores the true real predicate and obscures the“precise determination of the concept of existence”.Therefore,it needs to be replaced by an interpretation mode including the following elements:first,the real predicate that describes the transcendental reality of the possible thing like God;second,the logical predicate that is confused as real predicate in ontological proof,that is,the existential predicate of the analytic existential proposition;and third,the“precise determination of the concept of existence”,which is the predicate of the synthetic existential proposition.

关 键 词：本体论证明 逻辑谓词 实在谓词 实存概念的精确规定 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]