“官不下县”还是“权不下县”?——对基层治理中“皇权不下县”的一点思考  

“No Officials Below County”or“No State Power Below County”——Some Thoughts on“No Imperial Authority Below County”

作　　者：高寿仙[1] Gao Shouxian

机构地区：[1]北京行政学院校刊编辑部,100044

出　　处：《史学理论研究》2020年第5期59-67,158,159,共11页Historiography Bimonthly

摘　　要：近些年来,“皇权不下县”成为一个广受关注的学术话题,但学者们对这句话的理解不尽相同。一些学者将其理解为“官不下县”,认为这句话只是说明国家正式的行政机构和官职只到县一级,并无皇权不能渗透到县以下的乡村社会的意思;更多学者将其理解为“权不下县”,认为除了“官不下县”外,它还意味着县以下属于由绅士主导的“乡村自治”的领域。事实上,“皇权不下县”的重点在于“权不下县”,“官不下县”只是前提,“权不下县”才是本质。在评论“皇权不下县”时,如果只关注县以下是否有职官而不论是否为自治,恐怕也就大大缩小了这个命题的学术意义。中国帝制时代县以下的乡村社会,既不是纯粹的“官治”,也不是纯粹的“绅治”,而是“官不下县”条件下的“官绅共治”,当然这种“共治”并不意味着双方总是能够协调一致,而是处在既合作又矛盾的变动状态。In recent years,“no imperial authority below county”has become a widely concerned academic topic,but scholars have interpreted it differently.Some scholars regard it as“no officials below county,”arguing that this sentence only means that the reach of administrative agencies and official duties stop at the county level,and that it does not mean that imperial authority cannot penetrate into rural society;more scholars understand it as“no state power below county,”thinking that in addition to“no officials below county,”it also means that rural areas belong to the field of“village autonomy”dominated by the gentries.As a matter of fact,the key point of“no imperial authority below county”lies in“no state power below county,”with“no officials below county”only being its premise.When commenting on“no imperial authority below county,”if we only focus on whether there are officials below the county,regardless of whether they are autonomous or not,we are greatly reducing this proposition's scholarly significance.In the imperial era of China,the rural society below the county level was neither under pure“official governance”nor pure“gentry governance.”Rather,it was based on the“joint governance of officials and gentry”under the condition of“no officials below county.”Of course,this“joint governance”does not mean that both sides can always coordinate.Yet they are in a state of cooperation and contradiction.

关 键 词：皇权不下县 双轨政治 绅士自治 以民治民 官绅共治 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]