酒与礼法之争——汉代酒精神的演变脉络  

A Review on the Evolution of Wine Spirit in Han Dynasty

作　　者：贡华南[1] Gong Huanan

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学中国现代思想文化研究所暨哲学系,上海200241

出　　处：《社会科学战线》2020年第10期1-11,281,共12页Social Science Front

摘　　要：刘邦近酒徒而远儒生,爱饮酒却不喜章法。英雄之饮中的酒天马行空、决断排难而无往不克。汉初饮酒无尊卑礼数,完全随顺己意,往往导致秩序紊乱。武帝依据《六经》展开"礼教",将饮酒纳入繁冗的礼仪之中。以礼饮酒,不仅规定了酒、酒器的规模、位置、价值,对于饮酒者也进行角色化规范。饮酒被程式化,时间被拉长,节律被把控,酒对人的直接影响被弱化。通过将酒礼赋予道德化、宇宙论的诸种规定,饮酒礼逐渐深入人心而成为汉人的风尚。"礼"中之"酒"和乐、宁静、清明、节制、庄重。以礼饮酒虽然可以使人免除酒祸,但繁复的礼教又抑制了人的自然欲望。当权者自然欲望之伸张与权力之结合不断突破礼教的束缚,使礼教空洞化。礼与酒的长期对抗,以失败告终,酒精神再次得到伸张。礼对酒失去管制效力,以强制性为特征的"法"再次接管控制酒的重任。然而,人们对酒的欲望日益高涨,名法治酒亦难能持久。在冲决礼、法约束之后,尽管酒以狂野、任性、傲荡示人,但中国酒精神却渐近自觉。Liu Bang,an emperor in the Han Dynasty,was close to alcoholics but far from scholars.He loved drinking rather than rules and regulations.Drinking in the early Han Dynasty,unrestrained,had no etiquette,completely compliant with ones own will,which often led to disorder.Emperor Wu developed the Ethical Education based on Six Classics and incorporated drinking into the etiquette.Thereafter,ritual drinking not only specified its scale,location,vessels and wine value,but also characterized the drinkers.With drinking being stylized,its time was stretched,rhythm controlled,and the direct effect of alcohol on people weakened.Ritual drinking,after given moral and cosmological regulations,was regarded as peaceful,quiet,clear,temperate,and solemn,and gradually became a fashion then.However,the complicated etiquette restrained peoples natural desire to some extent,though it saved people from unrestrained drinking.At the same time,the officials’extending natural desires with the combination of power continued to break through the shackles of ethics,making ethics hollow.The long-term confrontation between ritual and drinking ended in failure,and the drinking spirit once again expanded.Ritual lost its control over drinking,and law once again took over the important task of controlling drinking.After the long fight against rituals and legal restraints,although wine is wild,willful,and arrogant,the spirit of Chinese wine has gradually become conscious.

关 键 词：汉代 酒 礼法 道 自然 

分 类 号：TS971[轻工技术与工程] I206[文学—中国文学]