论古典儒学中“义”的观念——以朱子论“义”为中心  

The Idea of“Righteousness”in Classical Confucianism:Centered on Zhu Xi's Statements

作　　者：陈来[1] Chen Lai

机构地区：[1]清华大学哲学系、国学研究院,北京100084

出　　处：《文史哲》2020年第6期5-21,162,共18页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：“义”的哲学意义,先秦时代有以下几点:道德、道义、正义、端正。汉代以来,对“义”的道德要义的把握,其要点在坚守对道德原则的承诺,明辨是非善恶,果断裁非去恶,其根源是对先秦的“以正为义”作了转进。受此影响,朱子很强调义是面对恶的德性。朱子在《四书集注》中主要以“义者宜也”的故训,作为义字的训诂义,但他对义字作哲学思想的界定、把握时,则主要不是用宜来说明义字之义,而是用汉儒裁制、断决之说来阐发义之思想义。朱子思想对义的哲学理解,一是继承了汉以来经学论义的裁断训义,二是把义纳入仁德为首的四德论体系,三是扩展了义在仁体宇宙论中的意义。朱子对义的理解使用受到汉以后词义训释的影响较大,这一方面使得义的价值意义没有得到明确化的发展,另一方面,义的裁断训义又使朱子将之引向宇宙论成为可能,发展了义在朱子宇宙论中的意义,充实了朱子宇宙论的结构图景。In the pre-Qin times,the philosophical significance of righteousness(yi)mainly includes morality,uprightness,justice,and virtuousness.While since the Han dynasty,its substance was tranformed into sticking to the commitment to moral principles,to a clear distinction between right and wrong,and to decisive extermination of evil.Influenced by that,Zhu Xi emphasized righteousness as a kind of virtue in the face of evil.His understanding of righteousness inherits the Confucian judgement and explanation since the Han dynasty,includes it in the system of four virtues led by benevolence,and extends its significance in cosmology based on benevolence.On the one hand,such understanding and usage of righteousness did not make clear advancement of the value and significance of righteousness;and on the other hand,that kind of judgement makes possible for Zhu Xi leading it to cosmology,as well as enriches the prospect of his cosmology.

关 键 词：义者宜也 裁断 朱子 仁义 宇宙论 

分 类 号：B244.7[哲学宗教—中国哲学]