中世纪晚期英格兰议会政治中的大宪章与王权  

Magna Carta and Kingship in the Parliamentary Politics in Late Medieval England

作　　者：许明杰[1] Xu Mingjie

机构地区：[1]复旦大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史》2020年第5期93-109,154,155,共19页World History

基　　金：2019年度国家社科基金青年项目“法律视角下中世纪晚期英格兰民众与国家关系研究”(项目号:19CSS002)的阶段性成果;上海市浦江人才计划(18PJC019)资助。

摘　　要：13世纪末至15世纪初,议会曾反复确认大宪章达49次,这是英格兰政治史上极为突出的现象,但现有研究对于该现象发生根源的认识尚不充分。事实上,这类活动的频繁开展离不开君主的支持,而君主此举并非随意为之,乃是出于当时政治形势的迫切需要。随着13世纪中叶以来议会政治的形成和发展,君主面临如何通过议会实现集权的新命题。因为议会在财政税收等国家关键性事务上拥有极大的话语权,君主需要同议会进行合作与博弈,而大宪章是其中的重要媒介。到15世纪,随着议会政治的异化,大宪章的作用逐渐走向衰落。议会确认大宪章活动的形成与演变显示了中世纪晚期英格兰王权的妥协式集权特点。It is a very prominent phenomenon in the political history of England that Magna Carta was repeatedly confirmed by parliament up to forty-nine times between the late 13th and the early 15th centuries.Despite the massive historiography devoted to this topic,the root causes of the parliamentary confirmations of Magna Carta have not been sufficiently explored.This paper further discusses this issue from the perspective of the monarch,which leads to a striking finding that these confirmations largely depended on the support of the crown.The crown's actions of such sort were not arbitrary,but derived from the urgent need that it ought to expand power through the parliament since the establishment of the parliamentary politics in the mid-13th century.The parliament had a great voice in such key state affairs as public finance and taxation.Therefore,the crown had to play the political game with the institution,and Magna Carta was a crucial medium between the two sides in this game.In the 15th century,however,the role of Magna Carta gradually declined as a result of the alienation of the parliamentary politics.The evolution of these parliamentary confirmations of Magna Carta exhibited a fundamental feature of kingship in the late Middle Ages that the monarch centralised its power through negotiation and compromise instead of coercion.

关 键 词：中世纪晚期 英格兰 议会政治 大宪章 王权 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]