拜占庭帝国官方意识形态中的对外战争观念  

The Official Ideology of External Wars in the Byzantine Empire

作　　者：孙思萌 Sun Simeng

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院世界历史研究所

出　　处：《世界历史》2020年第5期138-150,156,共14页World History

基　　金：天津市社科规划项目(项目号:TJSLQN17-001)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：长期以来,国际学界在拜占庭帝国对外战争的定性问题上存在争议,主要分歧在于对拜占庭是否存在神圣战争观念的看法不同。与中古阿拉伯帝国扩张和十字军东征时期宣传话语中的神圣战争观念相比,拜占庭历史文献中所体现的战争观念的核心主张在一定程度上保持着传统的世俗性和政治性,包括认为防卫和恢复罗马帝国的疆土是对外战争唯一正义的出发点,有权实施对外战争的是罗马皇帝而非教会领袖,军人与教士之间存在严格的分野,对外敌的描述主要呈现其族群特征而非宗教差异等方面。基于此,拜占庭中后期官方的史学和神学作品对阿拉伯帝国扩张和十字军东征背后的宗教宣传及其教士参战的行为有所记述,并对此进行了分析和批评。在拜占庭时期教、俗高层的文本书写和皇帝的军事实践中,基督教的影响表现为相信信仰在对外战争中发挥着规训武力与有限庇护的双重作用,认为拜占庭军队能否获得超自然力量的“援助”既取决于战争的正义出发点,又有赖于虔诚宗教仪式的助力。It has been a controversial issue for a long time in the international academia focusing on the nature of external wars launched by the Byzantine Empire or wars in which it was involved.The major divergence was related to the different views on whether the idea of‘holy war’ever existed in the history of the Byzantine Empire.In contrast to the holy war ideas propagandised in the medieval Arab Empire or the Western Crusades,the central claim of the Byzantine concept of external wars reflected in its historical materials remained secular and political to a certain extent.For example,it regarded the defence and recovery of the territory of the ancient Roman Empire as the mere reason to wage an external war,believed that it was the Roman emperors,not the ecclesiastical hierarchies,who had the authority to wage war,prohibited clergymen from taking arms to fight,and in most cases described enemies in terms of their ethnic traits instead of their religious belief.Accordingly,numerous theological and historical works from the Byzantine perspectives recorded,analysed and refuted the religious propaganda and clergymen's participation during the Arab conquests and Crusades.In the elite writings and imperial military practices during the Byzantine period,the influence of Christianity was manifested in the belief that the Christian faith could limit acts of violence and merely play a limited supporting role in wars against foreigners.In their opinions,the Byzantine army could receive the Heavenly aid only if the war began with a righteous cause and was carried out with devout religious rites.

关 键 词：拜占庭帝国 对外战争 战争观 基督教 宗教仪式 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]