考虑空箱调运的双寡头班轮公司竞争定价策略研究  

Competitive Pricing Strategies of Liner Shipping Companies with Empty Container Repositioning

作　　者：张晓娟[1] 张盛浩[1] ZHANG Xiaojuan;ZHANG Shenghao(School of Management,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an,Shaanxi 710049,China)

机构地区：[1]西安交通大学管理学院,陕西西安710049

出　　处：《中国石油大学学报（社会科学版）》2020年第6期41-52,共12页Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金面上项目(71771185,71271167)。

摘　　要：受贸易不平衡影响,港口间空集装箱调运不可避免,班轮公司的运力定价决策必须考虑空箱调运的影响;同时受全球贸易增速放缓、运力过剩等因素影响,班轮运输业竞争日益加剧,班轮公司的运力定价决策还需结合竞争对手的定价策略。对于两个港口间的相向运输市场,以双寡头班轮公司为例,建立考虑空箱调运的价格竞争博弈模型,刻画纳什均衡定价策略。研究发现,双寡头班轮公司价格竞争博弈存在唯一的纳什均衡;空箱平衡成本(班轮公司通过定价手段避免空箱调运的影子价格)是决定纳什均衡结果的关键指标,班轮公司的定价策略总是选取空箱调运成本与空箱平衡成本的较小者。考察一家班轮公司在两个运输市场上独自占优和两家班轮公司在两个运输市场上各自占优的两种非对称市场情况,发现占优方式不仅影响可能的纳什均衡结果,而且决定着整体贸易不平衡程度变动对纳什均衡结果的影响方式。有趣的是,在两种非对称市场情况下,个体公司市场优劣势地位变动对纳什均衡结果的影响方式相同。Due to trade imbalance, empty container repositioning(ECR) is inevitable, and has to be taken into consideration in liner shipping companies’ pricing decisions. Moreover, owing to factors such as global trade downturn and shipping capacity oversupply, competition is fierce nowadays, and liner shipping companies must incorporate competitors’ reactions into their pricing decisions. This paper considers two transportation markets between two ports, establishes a duopoly competitive pricing game model with ECR, and characterizes the Nash equilibrium. We find that there is a unique Bertrand Nash Equilibrium. Empty container balancing(ECB) cost, the shadow price of avoiding ECR by the pricing approach, plays a key role in determining the Nash equilibrium. Liner shipping companies always choose the smaller one between ECR and ECB costs. We also examine two asymmetric market structures, one company dominating both markets and two companies dominating different markets. We find that two asymmetric market structures lead to not only different Nash equilibriums but also different sensitivities of Nash equilibrium to trade imbalance. Interestingly, sensitivities of Nash equilibrium to the extent of market dominance are the same under two asymmetric market structures.

关 键 词：空箱调运 双寡头 竞争定价策略 

分 类 号：F272[经济管理—企业管理]