贵州草海湿地牛蛙的分布现状及其生境选择特征  

Distribution and Habitat Preferences of Rana catesbeiana in Caohai Wetland of Guizhou Province

作　　者：吕敬才 李亚龙 代亮亮 李振吉 魏刚[3] 王春琴 余志刚 LYU Jing-cai;LI Ya-long;DAI Liang-liang;LI Zhen-ji;WEI Gang;WANG Chun-qin;YU Zhi-gang(Guizhou Institute of Biology,Guiyang 550009,P.R.China;Management Committee of Guizhou Caohai National Nature Reserve,Weining 553100,P.R.China;Guiyang College,Guiyang 550005,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]贵州省生物研究所,贵州贵阳550009 [2]贵州草海国家级自然保护区管委会,贵州威宁553100 [3]贵阳学院,贵州贵阳550005

出　　处：《水生态学杂志》2020年第6期133-140,共8页Journal of Hydroecology

基　　金：贵州省科学技术基金项目(黔科合基础[2016]1141);贵州科学院青年基金项目(黔科院J合字[2016]6号);贵阳阿哈湖国家湿地公园管理处项目(2017);贵州省生物研究所科技计划项目(2017SWS02)。

摘　　要：生物入侵已成为全球性的生态环境问题,牛蛙(Rana catesbeiana)入侵对当地生物多样性和水生生态系统造成了严重的危害。为掌握牛蛙在贵州草海湿地的种群分布现状及其对生境的选择特征,于2018年6-8月对草海湿地牛蛙的分布、种群数量及栖息生境进行了研究,并利用生境喜好系数和主成分分析法探究其生境选择特征。结果显示,牛蛙主要分布于草海湿地上游的刘家巷及邻近区域,并向中、下游的顾家底、阳关山等区域扩散。通过分析牛蛙生境选择特征,发现牛蛙偏好选择的微生境植被类型为草地和沼泽草甸区域,水体类型为静水水塘和沟渠区域,且具有水深较浅(≤0.6 m)、草本盖度适中(31%~60%)、草本高度较高(31~100 cm)、地表温度较高(21~25℃)、地表湿度较高(41%~80%)、离干扰源距离适中(101~500 m)的特点。主成分分析表明,水体类型、植被、水域深度、温度和干扰强度是影响牛蛙生境选择的重要因素。研究表明,牛蛙在草海湿地已占据一定的生态位,并呈泛滥孳生趋势。根据牛蛙的生物学特性(食性、繁殖特性、生境选择)判断,其已形成自然种群,应进行综合治理,避免其在草海湿地进一步扩散,使其危害处在可控范围之内。Biological invasion has become a global environmental concern and the invasive species,Rana catesbeiana,has greatly impacted local biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems in some parts of China.In this study,we investigated the distribution and habitat selection of R.catesbeiana in the Caohai wetland of Guizhou Province.The objectives were to explore population trends of R.catesbeiana in different habitats and provide data to support efforts to control R.catesbeiana populations.Field surveys of the distribution,population density,and preferred habitat were carried out from June to August 2018at 17representative sampling areas,covering all shallow waters and nearby areas of Caohai wetland.The Favorite Index(P)and principal component analysis(PCA)were used to study micro-habitat selection by R.catesbeiana.Re-sults show that R.catesbeiana was distributed primarily in the Liujiaxiang and adjacent areas in the upper reaches of the wetland,but is spreading to the middle and lower reaches.P analysis indicates that R.catesbeiana prefers micro-habitats with grassland and swamp meadow vegetation,and shallow stagnant ponds and channels.Specific micro-habitat preferences include:water depth,≤0.6m;vegetation cover-age,31%-60%;vegetation height,31-100cm;surface temperature,21-25℃;surface humidity,41%-80%;distance from disturbance,101-500m.PCA showed that water type,vegetation type,water depth,temperature and disturbance intensity were the primary factors determining the habitat preferences of R.catesbeiana.In Caohai wetland,R.catesbeiana has become the dominant species,breeding populations have formed and the situation is getting worse.To avoid massive spreading and reduce the harm caused by R.catesbeiana to the Caohai wetland ecosystem,a comprehensive control strategy for R.catesbeiana should be developed,based on R.catesbeiana biology including dietary requirements,reproductive traits and habitat preferences.

关 键 词：牛蛙 草海湿地 入侵物种 生境选择 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]