刑事缺席审判程序被告人权利的演进逻辑与规范阐释  

Evolutionary Logic and Normative interpretation of the Defendant’s Rights in Criminal Trial in Absentia

作　　者：自正法 吴万强 Zi Zhengfa;Wu Wanqiang

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院 [2]香港城市大学

出　　处：《中国应用法学》2020年第6期125-142,共18页China Journal of Applied Jurisprudence

基　　金：中央高校基本业务科研创新能力提升专项课题“互联网法院运行逻辑的理论基础与完善路径研究”(2018CDJSK08YJ07);司法部国家法治与法学理论研究课题“有限责任公司股东压制问题研究”(16SFB3028)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：2018年修改的《刑事诉讼法》规定新增刑事缺席审判程序,其主要目的是打击贪污腐败分子,完善追逃追赃机制。作为一项新增制度,缺席审判程序的立法进程经历了激烈的争论,也引发关于该程序是否有违正当程序的质疑。对此,缺席审判程序设置了严格的适用情形,并从程序上和实体上对被告人的权利加以保障。但缺席审判程序的法条表述较为笼统,首次施行也没有以往经验可用以参考,缺席审判程序在具体适用时仍有可能侵害被告人的权利,如误伤非恶意缺席被告人,减损被告人知情权、辩护权、上诉权和财产救济权等。为了修正这些弊端,我们应当明确仅对潜逃境外的被告人启动缺席审判,确保缺席被告人获得“有效辩护”,在程序上保证被告人实际知情权并明确上诉权行使顺位,在实体上完善财产救济机制,以期有效保障被告人的程序性和实体性权利,发挥缺席审判程序既惩罚犯罪,又保障被告人人权之目的。The Criminal Procedure Law,amended in 2018,creates the criminal trial in absents.Its main purpose is to crack down on corrupt elements and improve the mechanism of capital recovery.As a newly created system,the legislative process of absentee trial proceedings has undergone intense debate and has raised questions about whether the procedure violates the principle of due process.In this regard,the criminal trial in absentia sets strict application and guarantees the rights of the accused both in procedural law and substantive law.However,relevant regulations are general,and the first implementation has no prior experience for reference.The trial procedure in absentia may still infringe on the rights of the accused when it is specifically applied,such as accidentally injuring the accused in a non-malicious manner and derogating from the defendant's right to know,right to defense,right to appeal and right to have property relief.In order to correct these shortcomings,we should clarify that only the accused who have fled abroad is subject to the trial in absentia,ensuring that the accused obtains the"effective defense",procedurally guaranteeing the defendant's right to know and clarifying the right to appeal.The mechanism of property relief should be effectively guaranteed in the procedural and substantive law in hopes to use the trial procedure in absentia to both punish the crime and protect the human rights of the accused.

关 键 词：刑事缺席审判 正当程序 有效辩护 实体性权利 程序性权利 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]