阳明学的本体-工夫悖论与其教训  

The Substance-Effort Paradox in Yangming Learning and the Lesson It Teaches

作　　者：王觅泉 Hou Jian Wang Miquan(the School of Marxism at China University of Political Science and Law)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学马克思主义学院,北京102249 [2]the School of Foreign Languages at Henan University

出　　处：《孔学堂》2020年第4期82-90,J0073-J0080,共17页Confucian Academy

基　　金：贵州省2017年度哲学社会科学规划国学单列重大课题“阳明心学与当代社会心理学研究”(项目批准号:17GZGX06)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：阳明有言:"合着本体的,是工夫;做得工夫的,方识本体。"此中蕴含一种本体—工夫悖论:未曾"合着本体",不能真正做工夫;而不做工夫,则又永不能"识本体"。这一悖论是贯穿阳明后学开展的重要线索。王龙溪和聂双江追求"合着本体的是工夫",但是他们提供的"合本体"方案都成问题。钱绪山追求"做得工夫的方识本体",但是如何方为"识本体"并不易确认。本体—工夫悖论的症结在本体,它不能离经验太近,否则不成其为本体,也不能离经验太远,否则流于玄虚,阳明后学正是在这种两难中挣扎。黄宗羲"心无本体,工夫所至即其本体"之论是化解本体—工夫悖论的出路。心性的本体化并不能提供实质性的解释和论证效力,反而可能导致独断、神秘和狂妄,应当立足经验性的人性与人心及工夫实践去理解性体与心体。Wang Yangming once said,"That which accords with original substance is effort,and only when one makes effort can one realize original substance."However,this remark contains a substance-effort paradox:if people do not accord with original substance,they cannot exert effort,but if they do not exert effort,they can never realize and accord with original substance.This paradox is an important thread that runs through the learning of Yangming’s later followers.Wang Ji and Nie Bao adhered to the first half of the statement,but their discussions of"according with original substance"are not without problems.Qian Dehong was more focused on the second half of the statement,yet it is difficult,if not impossible,to determine whether or not one realizes original substance.The crux of this problem lies in the conception of original substance(benti):it cannot be too near to experience,or it loses its ontological meaning;nor can it be too distant from experience,or the concept becomes purely abstruse.Later Yangming Learning was caught in this dilemma.Huang Zongxi asserted that"the mind has no substance,and its original substance is simply that which is attained through effort."In fact,the ontological understanding of the mind and human nature does not prove effective in either explanation or argumentation,and in fact tends to result in dogmatism,mystification,and hubris.Therefore,we should understand the substance of the mind and human nature through the effort and practice of empirical human nature and the human mind.

关 键 词：本体 工夫 性体 心体 经验性 

分 类 号：B248.2[哲学宗教—中国哲学]