“单一民族国家”神话视域下的日本近现代阿伊努族教育研究  

A Research on Ainu Education in Modern Japan from the Perspective of the“Single Nation-State”Myth

作　　者：于逢春[1] 李红阳 Fengchun Yu;Hongyang Li

机构地区：[1]浙江师范大学,金华321004 [2]上海大学社会学院,上海200444

出　　处：《世界民族》2020年第6期96-106,共11页Journal of World Peoples Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国疆域最终奠定的路径与模式研究”(15ZDB028)阶段性成果之一。

摘　　要：自1872年阿伊努族官办近代教育肇始,到2008年日本参众两院一致通过《关于申请阿伊努作为先住民族的决议》止,日本政府将阿伊努族视为“土人”而非少数民族的学校教育长达130多年。这是以“单一民族国家”神话为意识形态或理念,借助《北海道旧土人保护法》等法律法规的支撑,通过施加强制教育而谋求同化的过程。该“神话”也是日本于1895—1945年对其殖民地居民积极开展强制同化教育政策的原点。二战日本战败,伴随着世界主流社会逐渐容许不同族群保持其特性与传承各自的文化传统,该苦心经营的神话也因不合时宜而最终于2008年在法律上被打上了结束符,日本也从法律上回归多民族国家行列。虽然日本至今仍有个别政治要人不时地对这个神话唱起挽歌,但每次都会遭到广大社会民众与少数民族团体的强烈批判,因为这种回光返照式的话语在今日的日本也成为严重的政治不正确乃至违法。In more than 130 years from 1872 when official modern education began for the Ainu to 2008 when the Japanese Diet passed the resolution on the application of the Ainu as the early inhabitants,the Japanese government had enforced compulsory education on the Ainu as an“indigenous people”rather than an ethnic minority.This was a process seeking assimilation through providing compulsory education under the ideology and concept of“single nation-state”myth and based on laws and regulations such as the Hokkaido Old Native Protection Act.This“single nation-state”myth was also the basis for Japan to actively promote compulsory education for the peoples in its colonies from 1895 to 1945.After Japan was defeated in the Second World War,with the mainstream society of the world gradually allowing different ethnic groups to maintain their identities and inherit their own cultural traditions,this painstaking myth was legally ended in 2008 because it was out of date.Since then,Japan has returned in law to the ranks of multi-ethnic states.Although there are still Japanese political figures today lamenting this myth occasionally,they will be strongly criticized by the public and ethnic minorities every time they are doing so,as this kind of lamenting for something already dead is seriously incorrect politically or even illegal in today’s Japan.

关 键 词：单一民族国家 阿伊努 教育 民族 同化 

分 类 号：D731.3[政治法律—政治学]