论风险社会中行动者的非层级化  

On the Non-hierarchization of Actors in the Risk Society

作　　者：张康之 ZHANG Kangzhi

机构地区：[1]江苏省新型城镇化与社会治理协同创新中心 [2]中国人民大学公共管理学院

出　　处：《阅江学刊》2020年第6期23-35,118,共14页Yuejiang Academic Journal

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金项目重大基础研究计划“通过服务型政府建设完善社会治理体系”(12XNL003)。

摘　　要：在人类踏入21世纪的门槛时,也陷入了风险社会。风险社会中的行动应当采用什么方式,行动者的状况应当是怎样的,都是需要研究的问题。在工业社会的发展进程中,社会组织化取得了积极进展,在今天,几乎一切社会活动都是以组织的形式出现的,组织而不是个人才是行动者。在风险社会中,更加突出了组织作为行动者的重要性。但是,组织形式是多样的,工业社会中占主导地位的官僚制组织并不适用于在风险社会中开展行动,风险社会中的行动者将是合作制组织。合作制组织在根本上不同于官僚制组织,其中,非层级化是理解合作制组织的关键。从20世纪后期组织模式演进的趋势来看,对组织层级的否定性力量不断地成长,非层级化包含在组织模式演进的前景之中。合作制组织的非层级化根源于风险社会中行动的要求,也正是因为它的非层级化,才能在面对风险以及突发性事件的时候呼唤出更多的积极性和自主性。Upon mankind stepping into the threshold of the 21st century,it also fell into a risky society.What methods should be used for actions in the risk society and what the status of the actors should be needs to be studied.In the development of industrial society,social organization has made positive progress.Almost all social activities appear in the form of organizations,not individuals,which act as the behaviors.In a risk society,the importance of organization as an actor is more prominent.However,the forms of organization are diverse.The dominant bureaucratic organization in the industrial society is not suitable for carrying out actions in a risk society.The actors in the risk society will be cooperative organizations.Cooperative organization is fundamentally different from bureaucratic organization.Among them,non-hierarchy is the key to understanding cooperative organization.From the perspective of the evolution of the organizational model in the late 20 th century,the negative force on organizational hierarchy is constantly growing,and non-hierarchization is included in the prospect of organizational model evolution.The non-hierarchization of cooperative organizations is rooted in the requirements of action in a risk society.It is precisely because of its non-hierarchization that it can call for more enthusiasm and autonomy in the face of risks and emergencies.

关 键 词：风险社会 官僚制组织 合作制组织 行动者 自主性 

分 类 号：D081[政治法律—政治学] D082