殷周祭祖礼的因革与《周颂》的礼乐性质  

The Evolution of the Ancestral Sacrifice in Yin and Zhou Dynasties and the Rites and Music Nature of Zhou Song

作　　者：马银琴[1] Ma Yinqin(不详)

机构地区：[1]清华大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《中原文化研究》2021年第1期38-50,共13页The Central Plains Culture Research

摘　　要：《周颂》中不见祭祀周穆王及后世诸王的颂歌,这与周代祭祖礼的发展演变具有密不可分的联系。殷周对抗之际,“皇天无亲,唯德是辅”的思想一方面消解了殷人天命神权的合法性,同时也让周人失去了“天宗上帝”的必然庇护。周人的先祖,尤其是文王与武王在不断被歌颂的过程中逐渐变成了周人实际上的保护神。但从祭祖礼的角度而言,周初一方面损益殷礼创造“配天而祭”的祭祖礼仪,另一方面在实践中又遵循着“祭不过三代”、重视近世祖先的习俗。随着时世推移,文王、武王先后超出了近世三代之祖的祭祀范围,而政治上仍然存在着推崇文武的强烈需求。于是,融会整合两种礼俗,推尊文王、武王为“百世不祧之祖”的昭穆制度应时而生。通过昭穆制度,周初就已成熟的祖神分离思想最终落实在礼的实践层面上,通过神化后稷、文王、武王以配天的郊祭与专祭祖先并重视三代近祖的庙祭表现出来。这一次对祭祖礼的融会整合,确立了周人礼乐精神中“雅”“颂”分立的核心本质,以告功娱神为目的郊祭之乐“颂”随着郊祭礼仪的稳定趋于定型,以“立政”为目的、“言王政之所由兴废”的“雅”乐由此开始走上繁荣兴盛的发展之路。There were no odes to King Mu and later kings in Zhou Song,which was closely related to the evolution of the ancestral sacrifice in the Zhou Dynasty.During the confrontation between Yin and Zhou Dynasties,the thought of“Great Heaven has no affections;it helps only the virtuous”deconstructed the legitimacy of God granted monarchical power of the Yin people.At the same time,the Zhou people also lost the inevitable shelter of the Heaven and God.The ancestors of the Zhou people,especially King Wen and King Wu,gradually became the actual guardian gods in the process of being constantly praised.However,in terms of the ancestral sacrifice,on the one hand,the people of the early Western Zhou Dynasty inherited the sacrificial tradition of matching the Heaven with ancestors initiated by the Yin people,on the other hand,they followed their own custom of sacrificing no more than three generations and valuing the near ancestors.With the passage of time,King Wen and King Wu had successively exceeded the sacrificial scope of the ancestors of the last three generations,but there was still a strong political need to worship them.As a result,the Zhao-mu System,which integrated the two kinds of etiquette and customs,and respected King Wen and King Wu as the ancestors who would not be moved into the remote ancestral temples came into being at the right time.Through the Zhao-mu system,the mature thought of separation of ancestors and God in the early Zhou Dynasty was finally put into ritual practice.It was manifested by two kinds of sacrifices:the suburban sacrifice of matching the Heaven with Houji,King Wen and King Wu and the temple sacrifice of focusing on ancestor worship and valuing the ancestors of the last three generations.This integration of ancestral sacrifice established the core spirit of distinguishing Ya and Song in the Zhou Dynasty.With the stability of the suburban sacrifice,Song for the purpose of reporting achievement to ancestors and entertaining God tended to be stereotyped.Meanwhile,Ya with the purpose of dis

关 键 词：《周颂》 祭祖礼 昭穆制度 郊祭 庙祭 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]