云冈石窟的皇帝大佛--从鲜卑王到中国皇帝  

The Yungang Caves’Giant Buddha Statues after Xianbei Kings and Chinese Emperors

作　　者：石松日奈子 王云(译)[3] Ishimatsu Hinako;Wang Yun

机构地区：[1]日本东京国立博物馆 [2]云冈石窟研究院 [3]中央美术学院人文学院

出　　处：《故宫博物院院刊》2020年第12期4-19,109,共17页Palace Museum Journal

摘　　要：在象征北魏平城时代的云冈石窟中,有七座高13-17米的大佛。这些大佛以北魏皇帝为原型雕凿,是体现北魏佛教特性的重要作品。作者认为,在初期昙曜五窟四座如来像中,第20、19、18窟大佛为"鲜卑皇帝大佛",第16窟大佛则为"中国皇帝大佛"。三座"鲜卑皇帝大佛",以《魏书》所载初代道武帝的奇特容貌为基础,用魁梧的身躯、巨大的耳朵和眼睛强调了鲜卑王的彪悍。"中国皇帝大佛"则身着汉式衣装,表情睿智,俨然是知书达礼的中国皇帝。从"鲜卑皇帝大佛"到"中国皇帝大佛",反映了北魏英雄形象的转变。对于第13窟并排站立的七身中国式如来像,作者认为与天子七庙制有关,很可能是"七帝七佛造像"。The Yungang Caves as the symbol of Pingcheng period of the Northern-Wei Dynasty have seven Buddha statues enshrined as the incarnation of the Northern-Wei emperors,ranging from 13 to17 meters in height with the embodiment of the Buddhism features of that time.Of the four Tathagata Buddha statues of the early Five Tanyao Grottoes,those in Caves 20,19,18 are identified as the ’Great Buddha of Xianbei King’,giant and powerful with big ears and big eyes,the Xianbei King’ s heroic doughty and spirit standing out.As is described in the History of Wei Dynasty,they were probably modeled after Emperor Daowu(道武),the founder of the Northern Wei dynasty.The ’Chinese-featured Emperor Buddha’ of cave 16 is dressed in the Han-styled clothes,wise and sensible,who represents the transformed hero image in the Northern Wei dynasty.The seven Han-styled Buddha statues standing side by side in Cave 13 are thought to stand for the ’Seven Emperors as Seven Buddhas’ following the imperial system of ’seven sacrificial temples for seven emperors each’.

关 键 词：云冈石窟 北魏 鲜卑皇帝 中国皇帝 七帝七佛 

分 类 号：K879.3[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]