汉语非宾格与非作格动词的句法及语义界定标准  

Syntactic and Semantic Criteria for Unaccusative and Unergative Verbs in Mandarin Chinese

作　　者：鲁雅乔 李行德 LU Yaqiao;LEE Thomas Hun-tak(Institute of Theoretical Psycholinguistics and Cognitive Science,Tianjin Normal University,No.57-1,Wujiayao Avenue,Tianjin 300074;不详)

机构地区：[1]天津师范大学语言、心理与认知科学研究院,天津市河西区300074 [2]香港中文大学语言学及现代语言系

出　　处：《当代语言学》2020年第4期475-502,共28页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文从句法和语义角度探讨汉语非宾格与非作格动词的界定标准。以往的研究讨论了汉语非宾格与非作格动词的结构差异及其衍生机制(Huang 1987;Zhou 1990;Yu 1995;Zeng 2007),但无法完全解释两类动词的分布规律。同时,非宾格现象是否具备语义基础这一争议性问题,在汉语中也未得到系统研究(Perlmutter 1978;Rosen 1981,1984;Burzio 1986;Zaenen 1988,1993;Van Valin 1990;Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995)。我们认为,汉语非宾格动词的鉴别句式主要分为以下三种:(1)带体标记“了”的动词-后置论元结构;(2)数量词组后置结构;(3)词汇使役结构。以上分析虽然能够在结构上将非宾格与非作格动词界定出来,但无法完全解释两类不及物动词的分布格局。另外,汉语非宾格与非作格动词缺乏明确的形态-句法线索,纯句法分析也无法解释汉语儿童如何获得非宾格与非作格动词的区别。本研究认为,只有将语义因素纳入分析,才能解决上述问题。具体而言,终结点界性和致使类型共同决定着汉语不及物动词的句法范畴。如果某个不及物动词表达有内在终结点的事件,那么该动词属于非宾格范畴。在表达无终结点事件的不及物动词中,如果动词未标明事件致使类型,则该动词为非宾格动词;如果动词表达由内因引起的致使事件,该动词为非作格动词。我们的语义分析弥补了句法分析的不足,概括了非宾格现象必须具备的语义条件,对其他语言中非宾格现象与语义因素的联系提供了支持证据,也对儿童如何在句法形态表层线索极端贫乏的情况下获得非宾格动词提出了初步分析。This paper examines the syntactic and semantic criteria for differentiating unaccusative and unergative verbs in Mandarin Chinese.In the previous literature on unaccusativity in Chinese(e.g.Huang 1987,1990,2007;Xu 1999;Yang 1999;Pan and Han 2005,2008;Hu 2008;Sun and Pan 2012),scholars have devoted attention primarily to the structural differences between unaccusative and unergative verbs,and the derivational mechanisms underlying these differences(Huang 1987;Zhou 1990;Yu 1995;Zeng 2007).Such structural analyses,however,fail to capture some of the regularities in the distributions of unaccusative and unergative verbs.The further issue as to whether unaccusativity is determined by semantic factors remains controversial,and is one which has not received systematic treatment in Chinese(Perlmutter 1978;Rosen 1981,1984;Burzio 1986;Zaenen 1988,1993;Van Valin 1990;Levin and Rappaport Hovav 1995).Drawing from the literature,we argue that an intransitive verb can be considered as unaccusative if it satisfies one of the following criteria:(a)occurring in the V-le+NP structure with the verb carrying the perfective aspect marker;(b)allowing a quantified object to be split into a fronted NP and a stranded quantifier;(c)having a lexical causative counterpart.While the above syntactic criteria provide diagnostics for the identification of unaccusative verbs,they do not,however,cover the full range of the distributional patterns exhibited by unaccusative and unergative verbs.A purely syntactic approach will also fail to address the issue of language learnability,in view of the meagre unambiguous morpho-syntactic cues in the adult input to the Mandarin-acquiring child.In this paper,we argue that two semantic factors,namely,telicity and mode of causation,define unaccusativity in Chinese.All the intransitive verbs denoting telic events come under the unaccusative class.Among the intransitive verbs denoting atelic events,those specifying an internal cause for the events behave like unergative verbs,whereas those that do not specify t

关 键 词：非宾格动词 非作格动词 终结点界性 致使类型 语言获得可学性问题 

分 类 号：H146.3[语言文字—汉语] H136