规制内涵变迁与现代环境法的演进  

Changes in the connotation of regulation and the evolution of modern environmental law

作　　者：张宝[1] ZHANG Bao(School of Law,Zhongnan University of Economics and Law,Wuhan Hubei 430073,China)

机构地区：[1]中南财经政法大学法学院,湖北武汉430073

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2020年第12期155-163,共9页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“完善生态环境保护执法和司法衔接机制研究”(批准号:20ZDA090);中央高校基本科研业务费青年教师创新团队项目“环境资源有偿使用的法律保障机制研究”(批准号:2722020JCT010)。

摘　　要：规制是各学科广泛运用的概念,法学层面的规制主要关注规制主体的法律架构、规制行为的合法性、规制程序的正当性以及规制裁量权的控制等。百余年来,规制内涵经历了由直接规制到激励性规制再到规制治理的变迁,这一变迁也影响到作为社会性规制之典型场域的环境规制与环境法,学界通常将建立在上述不同规制内涵基础上的环境规制和环境法用“代”进行表征,其所折射的是不同发展阶段对环境保护目的和手段的认知差异。各代环境法之间并非相互排斥的关系,而是基于社会变迁对既有规制手段进行的限制、修正和完善,从而更好地实现环境规制的目标。从形式上看,中国环境规制和环境法的发展历程同样可以分为三个阶段,并且也呈现出由以命令控制为主的“监管之法”向强调多元共治的“治理之法”的演进趋势,并逐渐形成了具有自身独特性的理论和制度体系。但是,当前中国环境法仍然存在一些局限,主要表现为理念上仍受还原主义法律观的支配,目的上未确立环境规制的权利保障目标,体系上难以适应风险预防和规制的要求,适用上尚未厘清各种规制工具的适用条件,内容上还需实现多元规范的协同和衔接。要发挥环境法在推进国家治理现代化、构建现代环境治理体系中的作用,就需要补齐上述环境法治的短板,以整体主义法律观作为推进环境法治建设的指导思想,通过环境权入宪入法确立环境法的权益保障目标,推动环境法由危害防止向风险预防的转身,优化各种环境规制工具的衔接适用,健全各种规范类型之间的协同机制。Regulation is a concept widely used in various disciplines.Regulation in the legal field mainly focuses on the legal structure of the regulatory bodies,the legality of the regulatory behavior,the legitimacy of the regulatory process,and the control of the regulatory discretion.Over the past century,the connotation of regulation has undergone changes from direct regulation to incentive regulation and then to regulatory governance.This change has also affected environmental regulation and environmental law,which are typical fields of social regulation.Environmental regulation or environmental law based on different regulatory connotations are usually characterized by‘generations’,which reflects the degree of understanding of the purposes and means of environmental protection at different social stages.The relationship between different generations of environmental law are not mutually exclusive,instead,later generations restrict,revise,and improve previous ones based on social changes.From a formal point of view,the development process of Chinese environmental law can also be divided into three stages,and it also shows the evolution from‘supervision law’based on command and control to the‘law of governance’emphasizing pluralistic co-governance.However,the current Chinese environmental law still has some limitations,mainly manifested in that the concept is still dominated by the reductionist legal concept,the legal status of environmental right has not been confirmed by law,the relationship between various regulatory tools has not been clarified in application,the risk regulation mechanism has not been established,and the coordination of different norms has not been realized.To give full play the role of environmental law in advancing the modernization of national governance and building a modern environmental governance system,it is necessary to fix the above-mentioned flaws of the environmental governance system and mechanism by adopting the holistic legal concept as a guide to improve the environmenta

关 键 词：环境规制 环境法 命令与控制 激励性规制 规制治理 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]