明清时期苜蓿的地域分布及其影响因素  

Distribution of alfalfa in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the underlying driving factors

作　　者：刘爽[1] 惠富平[1] LIU Shuang;HUI Fu-ping(Institute of Chinese Agriculture Civilization,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210000,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院,江苏南京210000

出　　处：《草业学报》2021年第2期178-189,共12页Acta Prataculturae Sinica

摘　　要：基于对中国古籍库与中国方志库中的苜蓿记载的考察,发现苜蓿名实的流变呈现出两种迥然不同的面貌。即古籍记载中苜蓿名实相对单一明了,对苜蓿花色的指向比较明晰;方志中则比较复杂,出现了大量苜蓿异名,常与其他植物相混淆。其名实的流变实际上是苜蓿在中国传播历史进程中的一个缩影。对各地方志中的苜蓿记载次数进行计量分析,可以直观地看到,明清时期的苜蓿主要分布于西北、华北、江淮等地,在长江中下游、东南沿海、西南边疆等地也有一定分布。结合明清时期的社会经济因素分析分布格局的成因:首先,明清卫所的设置与变迁使得苜蓿作为军马草料成为卫所屯田中不可或缺的经营项目,在边疆地区、漕运沿线深入传播;其次,明清灾区社会的形成促发了苜蓿的广植与利用,苜蓿成为贫苦农家的"救荒奇菜"和贫困城邑的"备荒良品";最后,苜蓿栽培技术的简易与传统蔬类成法的套用,使得苜蓿能够持续、长久、便捷地在中国传播。在清中叶后,采用苜蓿治理盐碱地已经在河北、山东普遍实施,其与其他作物的轮作原理与方法也已经颇为成熟。总之,与苜蓿相关的农艺技术已经形成体系,苜蓿的本土化和农耕化在明清时期进一步加深。Based on the investigation of alfalfa records in Chinese ancient books and Chinese local records,it is found that the adoption of alfalfa across China shows two totally different faces.On the one hand,identification of alfalfa in the ancient records is relatively simple and clear,and the evolution of alfalfa flower color from yellow to purple is relatively clear.On the other hand,identifying alfalfa in local records is more complex as in a large number of cases there are misnomers,and alfalfa is often confused with other plant species.The appearance of the modern Chinese name Mùxu is actually a useful indicator of the adoption and spread of alfalfa in China.Based on the quantitative analysis of alfalfa records in local chronicles,it can be inferred that alfalfa in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was mainly distributed in the northwest,North China and Jianghuai,while it was also distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,the southeast coast and the southwest frontier.Using knowledge of social and economic factors in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,we can draw three conclusions.First,the establishment and reorganization of military garrisons the Ming and Qing Dynasties resulted in alfalfa spread in the border areas and along the grain transport routes because alfalfa was used to feed horses.Secondly,during recovery programs in natural disaster areas,there was often widespread promotion by local officials of the planting and utilization of alfalfa,because as well as being an animal feed,alfalfa could be used as a vegetable by poor farmers and by the poor in the cities.Finally,the simple cultivation requirements of alfalfa made it a convenient crop for farmers to grow,thus incentivizing ongoing adoption of alfalfa and spread of its use.After the middle period of the Qing Dynasty,alfalfa was widely used to treat saline-alkali land in Hebei and Shandong,and the rotations of alfalfa with other crops were quite sophisticated.In short,the broad spectrum of knowledge embodied in the agronomy of alfalfa use h

关 键 词：苜蓿 明清 分布 灾区社会 卫所 本土化 

分 类 号：S541-09[农业科学—作物学]