洛采对威廉·詹姆士心理学的影响  

Lotze’s Influence on the Psychology of William James

作　　者：奥托F.克劳沙尔 王成兵(译) 耿博雅(译) Otto F.Kraushaar

机构地区：[1]美国马萨诸塞州史密斯学院 [2]山西大学哲学与社会学学院 [3]北京师范大学哲学学院、价值与文化研究中心、社会主义核心价值观协同创新中心

出　　处：《当代中国价值观研究》2020年第3期116-128,共13页Chinese Journal of Contemporary Values

基　　金：2017年度国家社会科学基金重大项目“《威廉·詹姆士哲学文集》翻译与研究”(17ZDA032)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：洛采心理学在詹姆士成为心理学家的过程中,作为一个主要的影响因素占据重要地位。第一,洛采对机械论的批判性考察以及赋予作为目的论统一原则的灵魂以首要地位,使詹姆士意识到科学心理学基础所具有的暂时性和假设性,并使他否认任何将心理学作为一门自然科学的定论。第二,詹姆士《心理学原理》中详细讨论的一个特殊问题——定位和空间感知,与洛采的"局部符号"学说相关。在基本原则上,二者是完全对立的,但这并不妨碍他们在许多重要细节上是一致的。第三,洛采对詹姆士心理学最明显的影响就是对情绪的描述。詹姆士认为,一种情绪中,真正情绪性的要素,在于对给定认知内容作出身体反应的感觉,这与洛采对感觉和情绪的心理学和生理学描述相类似。第四,"意识本质上是冲动的"是詹姆士心理学以及哲学的核心和最有特色的学说的体现。洛采是詹姆士形成这一核心学说的有力因素,这是衡量他对詹姆士心理学影响力的真正标准。Lotze was certainly in a position to be a major factor in James’ development as a psychologist.First,Lotze’s critical examination of mechanism and the primacy he gave to the soul as a teleological unifying principle made a profound impression on James.It made James aware of the provisional and hypothetical nature of the foundations of scientific psychology,and it led him to disavow any claims of finality for psychology as a natural science.Secondly,one of the special problems treated at length in James Principles of Psychology,and in connection with which Lotze’s doctrine of ’local signs’ is exhaustively examined,is the problem of localization and space perception.In fact,concerning fundamentals they are completely at loggerheads.But this by no means precludes accord on many significant details.Thirdly,psychology is Lotze’s influence so manifest as in the account of the emotions.James contended that the truly emotional elements of an emotion consist in the feeling of bodily responses to a given cognitive content.This parallels Lotze’s account of feeling and emotion both on the mental and physiological sides.Fourthly,the central and most characteristic doctrine of James’ psychology,and of his philosophy as well,is contained in the statement, "consciousness is in its very nature impulsive." The fact that Lotze was a powerful factor in shaping this central doctrine,is the real measure of the significance of his influence.

关 键 词：洛采 詹姆士 心理学 实践理性优先 情绪 意志 

分 类 号：B712.44[哲学宗教—外国哲学]