论地役权的物权法律技术——兼论《民法典》上居住权、土地经营权的物权性质  

On the Real Right Legal Technology of Easement:A Discussion on The Real Right Nature of the Right of Habitation and the Right of Land Management in the Civil Code

作　　者：张翔[1] ZHANG Xiang(School of Civil and Commercial Law,Northwest University of Political Science and Law,Xi’an 710063,China)

机构地区：[1]西北政法大学民商法学院,陕西西安710063

出　　处：《西北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第2期97-110,共14页Journal of Northwest University：Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition

摘　　要：地役权“为自己土地之便利而利用他人土地”之权利目的,仅凭债权性的合同即可实现。罗马法之所以将地役权的性质界定为物权,目的并非在于需役地人与供役地人之间土地利用关系的构建,而是在于使需役地、供役地的受让人继续承受地役权与地役权负担。罗马法实现这一目的的法律技术的要义,在于使地役权、地役权负担与需役地人、供役地人相“脱钩”,而与需役地、供役地相“捆绑”。大陆法系民法之所以将地役权性质界定为物权,与罗马法具有相同的旨趣,只是以人是权利的主体、主从权利关系、物权的对抗与排他效力等理论,取代了罗马法上“脱钩”与“捆绑”的法律技术。因此,民法赋予一项民事权利以物权性质之必要性,并非在于确立起人对物的支配,而在于确立起支配者对他人的排他与对抗。由此出发可知,我国民法赋予居住权以物权性质确有必要,而赋予土地经营权以物权性质则无意义。The purpose of the easement right“to use the land of others for the convenience of one’s own land”can be realized only by a creditor’s right contract.The reason why the nature of easement is defined as real right in the Roman Law is not to establish the relationship between the parties,but to make the assignee of the land continue to have the easement right or bear its burden.The legal technique of the Roman Law to realize this aim is to make easement and its obligation“decouple”from the parties and“bind”with the land.The reason why the Civil Law of the continental law system defines the nature of easement as real right has the same purport as the Roman Law,but it is based on the theory that the person is the subject of the right,the relationship between the principal and subordinate rights,the antagonism and exclusive effect of the real right,etc.,and it replaced the legal technique of“decoupling”and“binding”in the Roman Law.Therefore,the necessity of civil law endowing a civil right with the nature of real right is not to establish the domination of person over thing,but to establish the exclusiveness and antagonism of the dominator over others.Therefore,it is necessary to endow the right of habitation with the nature of real right in our civil law,but it is meaningless to endow the right of land management with the nature of real right.

关 键 词：地役权 居住权 土地经营权 物权 民法典 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学] D923.1[政治法律—法学]