从会话序列看“怎么”问句的解读  

The analysis of zenme questions from the perspective of sequence

作　　者：张文贤[1] Zhang Wenxian

机构地区：[1]北京大学对外汉语教育学院,100871

出　　处：《语言教学与研究》2021年第1期89-101,共13页Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“汉语自然口语对话的互动语言学研究”(项目编号为:20&ZD295)的资助。

摘　　要：本文从社会行为出发,考察自然口语会话序列中"怎么"询问方式与询问原因的用法。考察发现,"怎么"询问具体方式时是单一的询问行为,是真性问,用于始发句且常得到偏爱的答案性回应。"怎么"询问原因是"询问"与由互动交际需求产生的浮现行为打包而成的复合行为,其复合行为的类型高度依赖于语境。听话人在回应询问原因的"怎么"时优先回应浮现行为,偏爱的回应是非答案性回应,且回应是非强制性的,可以无回应。之所以会觉得"怎么"句经常是反问句,是因为"怎么"所执行的"反驳""责怪"等行为已经规约化。"怎么"不同类型的复合行为句在主语上呈现出差异,说明语言形式与功能有一定的对应关系。This paper investigates the usage of zenme (怎么) questions which inquire about manner and reason in Chinese conversational discourse. It is found that zenme sentence is purely to ask a question when it inquires about manner. It initiates a sequence and forces the listener to respond. The preferred response is to give an answer. When zenme inquires about the reason, it implements multi-action which combines inquiry and other actions emerging in the context because of the need of interaction. The response to it is non-mandatory. The preferred response is not an answer but to respond to the emerging action. Zenme sentences are often regarded as rhetorical questions because actions such as refutation and blaming are conventionalized. The subjects of different types of multi-action zenme sentences are different, and it indicates that language forms are in correspondence with functions.

关 键 词：“怎么”问句 疑问句 社会行为 会话序列 互动语言学 

分 类 号：H136[语言文字—汉语]