古蜀的“神化”与三星堆祭祀坑  

The Deification of Ancient Shu and Sanxingdui Sacrificial Pits

作　　者：武家璧 Wu Jiabi

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《四川文物》2021年第1期84-95,共12页Sichuan Cultural Relics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金冷门“绝学”和国别史等研究专项“基于考古材料的《颛顼历》的复原研究”(项目批准号:2018VJX017);郑州市政府资助项目“郑州地区仰韶时代的天文学遗存研究”(项目编号:SKHX2018385)。

摘　　要：文献记载古蜀国有先蜀、后蜀两个时期,先、后蜀之间是缺乏文献记载的无王时期。先蜀有"蚕丛-柏灌-鱼凫"三代,后蜀有"杜宇-开明"两朝。就考古学文化而言,先蜀相当于夏商时期的三星堆文化,后蜀相当于东周时期的巴蜀文化。三星堆金杖上的[弓魚]鹳图可以理解为伯鹳-射鱼图,大型青铜立人像身穿伯鹳服等,是柏灌-鱼凫朝的见证。《蜀王本纪》记载三代"皆神化不死,其民亦颇随王化去"。末代鱼凫王"神化"时"化民"甚众,至杜宇自立为王,"化民往往复出"。我们把先、后蜀之间的无王期称为"神化"时期,相当于考古学上的十二桥文化。文献记载鱼凫王是田猎到湔山时成仙的,他的"神化"路线应该从三星堆古城出发,沿着湔江向西到天彭阙湔山前,再转向北进入湔江上游谷地。老蜀王神化前举行最后一次燎祭后掩埋宗庙祭器。一号祭祀坑在殷墟一期,对应于柏灌王;二号祭祀坑在殷墟二期(武丁时期),对应于鱼凫王。两者既是祭祀坑,又是器物坑。According to historical literature,the ancient Shu State comprised two periods:Former Shu and Latter Shu,the period in between was without kingship and lacks written records.The Former Shu went through three phases of kings,namely Cancong,Baiguan and Yufu,while the Latter Shu went through the two phases of Duyu and Kaiming.In terms of archaeological culture,the Former Shu is equivalent to the Sanxingdui Culture during the Xia-Shang period,and Latter Shu latter is equivalent to the Ba-Shu Culture in Eastern Zhou dynasty.The image of stork catching fish on the gold scepter discovered in Sanxingdui can be interpreted as Boguan hunting for fish,and the large bronze statue in Boguan's clothing is an evidence of the reign of Baiguan and Yufu.As recorded in Shu Wang Ben Ji("Biographic Sketches of the Kings of Shu"),"kings in all the three phases became immortal,followed by most of their people".When the last generation of King Yufu became immortal,he was followed by an enormous number of people;when Duyu made himself King of Shu,"Yufu's followers came back in large numbers".The period between Former and Latter Shu which lacked kingship is referred to as the"deification"period.It is equivalent to the archaeological culture of Shierqiao."Hua min"means edification.The event of the kings leading their people to immortality was the manifestation of a secular regime's transition into religious.Once flourishing in the plain area,the State disappeared and transformed into a kingdom of deities in the mountains.According to the literature,King Yufu became immortal when he went hunting in Jianshan.His path of"deification"should have started from the ancient city of Sanxingdui,going westward to the Tianpengque Mountain along the Jianjiang River,and then turned north to the valley at the upper reaches of Jianjiang River.Before the deification of an old King of Shu,he held a ritual to burn and bury the sacrificial utensils.Sacrificial pit no.1 dates to the first period of Yin Xu,corresponding to King Baiguan.Sacrificial pit no.2 date

关 键 词：三星堆文化 古蜀国 鱼凫 神化 祭祀坑 

分 类 号：K878[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]