刑事案件中运用DNA认定亲缘关系的法律漏洞与解决路径  

The legal loopholes and solutions of wielding DNA to identify genetic relationship in criminal cases

作　　者：贾治辉[1] 段黎宇 Jia Zhihui;Duan Liyu(Criminal Investigation School of Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学刑事侦查学院,重庆401120

出　　处：《证据科学》2020年第6期718-731,共14页Evidence Science

摘　　要：DNA既可以反映个体的身份信息,也可以反映个体的家族遗传信息。刑事案件中,通过DNA的同一认定查找到相关个体需要有已知的样本基础,故通过DNA的种属认定查找嫌疑人家族遗传范围正成为一种新兴的DNA技术调查手段。侦查实践中,亲缘DNA的使用方式分为两种,检索与鉴定。亲缘DNA检索指从数据库中查找到同源家族,亲缘DNA鉴定是由专门知识的人对指定检材与指定样本进行家族同源性的鉴别,两者是证据链的不同环节。目前,我国对DNA的研究方兴未艾,但对亲缘DNA的两种使用方式均无法可循,形成了诸多围绕亲缘DNA的法律漏洞,表现在DNA数据库的设立、建库规范、运用及采样、公民隐私保护等方面于法无据。因此,从我国国情和时代背景出发,借鉴域外对亲缘DNA运用的法律规范,结合立法、司法、学理等常规路径,来弥补亲缘DNA运用的法律漏洞。此外,结合我国现行相关政策、指导案例、新媒体宣传进行探讨也有利于更好的弥补法律漏洞。DNA can reflect not only an individual’s identity information,but also his/her family genetic information.In criminal cases,the basis of known sample is required for finding relevant individuals by identical identification of DNA.Therefore,it is becoming an emerging method of DNA technique investigation to find out the genetic range of suspects’family by identifying the species of DNA.There are two ways to use family DNA for investigation in practice:searching and appraisal.As two different links in the evidence chain,family DNA searching means finding isogenous family from DNA database,while family DNA appraisal refers to the identification of family homology to the designated specimen and the designated sample by a specialized person.Recently,the research on DNA in China is in the ascendant,but the two ways of family DNA using have not be regulated,which leaves many legal loopholes happened in the field of the establishment of DNA database,the standardization of database construction,the DNA applicating and sampling,and the protection of citizens’privacy.Based on national conditions and the epoch background,the legal loopholes should be made up by learning from the foreign experience on the use of family DNA,combining the legislative,judicial,academic and other conventional paths.In addition,it is also helpful to better make up legal loopholes by taking advantage of China’s relevant policies,guidance cases and new media publicity.

关 键 词：亲缘DNA 检索 鉴定 数据库 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]