生态环境损害赔偿诉讼的类型重塑——以所有权与监管权的区分为视角  

Reconstruction of the Types of Compensation Litigation for Ecological Environment Damage——From the Perspective of the Distinction between Ownership and Supervision

作　　者：李兴宇 LI Xing-yu(School of Humanities and Social Sciences,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083)

机构地区：[1]北京林业大学人文社会科学学院,北京100083

出　　处：《行政法学研究》2021年第2期134-152,共19页ADMINISTRATIVE LAW REVIEW

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(项目编号:BLX201947);中国博士后科学基金第67批面上资助(项目编号:2020M670174);北京林业大学青年教师科学研究中长期项目“生态法治研究”(项目编号:2015ZCQ-RW-03);国家法治与法学理论研究项目“生态环境损害赔偿制度与环境民事公益诉讼衔接问题研究”(项目编号:18SFB3052)。

摘　　要：诉讼基础是生态环境损害赔偿诉讼制度的基本理论问题,影响着诉讼性质界定与诉讼规则建构。目前关于生态环境损害赔偿诉讼基础,主要有"自然资源国家所有权""环境公益保护职责"以及"诉讼基础二元化"三类观点。诉讼基础认定不能仅考虑救济对象或损害类型,还应遵循法权设计基本逻辑,并考量不同诉讼规则下的权责分配、制度成本以及法律实效。建议以所有权与监管权相区分为前提,将生态环境损害赔偿诉讼限定为自然资源国家所有权诉讼,诉讼主体为自然资源部及其委托部门,同时为避免权利主体逃避宪法义务,还须对权利处分增加公法约束;将难以纳入国家所有范畴的自然资源或纯生态功能损害等归入行政救济范围,行政措施无法救济时,方可纳入环境公益诉讼保护范畴。The litigation foundation is the basic theoretical problem of ecological environment damage compensation system, which restricts the judgment of litigation nature and the construction of litigation rules.At present, on the basis of the lawsuit of environmental damage compensation, there are three kinds of viewpoints, including national ownership of natural resources, responsibility for environmental public interest protection and dualization of litigation basis.The basis of litigation should not only consider the object of relief or the type of damage, but also follow the basic logic of legal right design, and consider the distribution of rights and responsibilities under different litigation rules, institutional costs and legal effectiveness.Therefore, it is suggested that the action of compensation for ecological environment damage should be limited to the litigation of national ownership of natural resources on the premise of the distinction between ownership and supervision power.The subject of the action is the Ministry of Natural Resources and its entrusted department.At the same time, in order to avoid the subject of rights evading constitutional obligations, it is necessary to increase the restriction of public law on the punishment of rights;and the natural resources or pure ecological function damage which is difficult to be included in all categories of the state can be included in the scope of administrative relief.When administrative measures are unable to remedy, they can only be included in the scope of environmental public interest litigation protection.

关 键 词：生态环境损害 诉讼基础 自然资源国家所有权 环境公益 行政救济 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学] D922.6[政治法律—法学]