清代:中华民族命运共同体构建的重要历史时期--以清代基层社会组织重建和社会治理为视角的考察  

The Qing Dynasty:An Important Historical Period for Building a Community of a Shared Future for the Chinese Nation—An Investigation from the Perspective of the Reconstruction and Social Governance of Grass-roots Social Organizations in the Qing Dynasty

作　　者：何一民[1] He Yimin(Urban Institute,Sichuan University,Chengdu,610064,Sichuan,China)

机构地区：[1]四川大学城市研究所,四川成都610064

出　　处：《民族学刊》2021年第3期1-9,94,共10页Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“大型多卷本《中国城市通史》编纂”(12AZD083)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：以清代基层社会组织重建和社会治理为视角进行考察,清代是中华民族命运共同体构建的一个重要历史时期。清朝建立后,不仅继承了明朝的政治制度和国家治理体系,也继承了明朝的基层社会治理体系,重点对宗族、保甲、乡约以及会馆等民间组织的恢复与重建予以支持,并让渡部分公权力,使其统治触角向下延伸,“皇权”也由此渗入县以下的城乡基层社会。满族属于中华民族共同体的一员,而非域外之人,因此,他们一旦取得政权之后,除了保留满族的部分政治文化和风俗传统外,更多的是在大中华文化体系中寻找生存智慧与治国理政之道。在清代,不仅汉族、满族,也包括蒙古族、藏族或回族以及其他中国境内各民族,都主动或被动、自觉或不自觉地融入到中华民族命运共同体构建的历史进程之中。正因为如此,民族融会才升华为“中华民族”这一新概念。The construction of a community with a shared future for the Chinese nation was a long historical process,and the Qing Dynasty was one of its important historical periods.After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty,the country not only inherited the political system and national governance system of the Ming Dynasty,but also more comprehensively inherited the basic social governance system of the Ming Dynasty.The government made great progress on this basis.The rulers of the Qing Dynasty,like the rulers of all previous dynasties,in addition to using the state machinery to control and govern the basic levels of society,mostly realized this through unofficial social organizations.Among these,the autonomous social organizations,such as the clan,and Baojia(a kind of household registration system)together with village regulations,played an important role for controlling and governing grass-roots society in the early and middle periods of the Qing Dynasty.These autonomous social organizations are the continuation of the Ming Dynasty,or even earlier,traditions.There are many reasons why the rulers of the Qing Dynasty inherited the political system and basic social governance systems of the Ming Dynasty,but the fundamental reason is that the Manchu people themselves are member of the Chinese national community,not people from a foreign region.The history of Manchu development fully demonstrates this point.Although Manchu culture is unique,it is also a part of the Chinese cultural system.Because of this,once they gained power,in addition to retaining part of the political culture and customs of the Manchu,they sought survival wisdom and ways of governing the country within the Chinese cultural system.After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty,in order to consolidate the rule of the Manchu nobility,the rulers of the Qing Dynasty,on the one hand,had to advocate“the distinction between Manchu and Han”,but on the other,they also had to promote“the integration of Manchu and Han”.In addition,they copied the political,e

关 键 词：中华民族命运共同体 宗族 保甲 乡约 自治性 满汉一体 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]