锂离子电池的工作原理与关键材料  

Working mechanism and key materials of the lithium ion batteries

作　　者：韩啸 张成锟 吴华龙 黄友章 谢清水 王来森[1] 彭栋梁[1] HAN Xiao;ZHANG Chengkun;WU Hualong;HUANG Youzhang;XIE Qingshui;WANG Laisen;PENG Dongliang(College of Materials,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,Fujian,China)

机构地区：[1]厦门大学材料学院,福建厦门361005

出　　处：《金属功能材料》2021年第2期37-58,共22页Metallic Functional Materials

基　　金：国家重点研发计划“纳米科技”重点专项(2016YFA0202600)。

摘　　要：锂离子电池具有能量密度高、自放电小和循环寿命长等优点,被广泛用于便携式电子设备和电动汽车等方面,不断推动着社会朝着智能化和清洁化方向发展。简要阐述了锂离子电池的发展历程和工作原理,从材料结构和储锂机制方面对正极材料和负极材料进行分类并综述其性能特点与研究现状,介绍了液态电解液中锂盐、溶剂、添加剂以及固态电解质在锂离子电池中的作用,重点讨论了锂离子全电池的应用和安全问题,最后对锂离子电池的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。相信随着这些重点、难点技术和关键材料的突破,性能更加优异的锂离子电池必定会更好地造福人类。Lithium ion batteries(LIBs) have been widely used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles due to their high energy density, low self-discharge and excellent cycling performance, which promote the development of intelligent and green society. The developing history and working mechanism of LIBs were introduced. The main properties and research progress of the cathode and anode materials classified by the lattice structure and lithium storage mechanism, respectively, were illustrated in detail. The functions of the liquid electrolytes, which were composed of lithium salts, additives and solvent, as well as solid-state electrolytes were also discussed. Subsequently, the practical application and safety issue of LIB were emphasized. At the end, the prospects of LIBs in the future were proposed. With the breakthrough of these key technologies and materials, lithium-ion batteries with better performance will definitely benefit mankind better.

关 键 词：锂离子电池 工作原理 电极材料 电解质 安全性 

分 类 号：TM912[电气工程—电力电子与电力传动]