侵蚀型沙丘:来自火星的启示  

Eroded Dunes:Inspiration from Mars

作　　者：董治宝[1] 李超[1] 吕萍[1] 胡光印 DONG Zhibao;LI Chao;LV Ping;HU Guangyin(Planetary Aeolian Research Institute,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an 710119,China)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学行星风沙科学研究院,陕西西安710119

出　　处：《地球科学进展》2021年第2期125-138,共14页Advances in Earth Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目“塔里木盆地周围干燥剥蚀山地风化速率研究”(编号:41930641);“巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山系统的形成”(编号:41871008)资助。

摘　　要：风沙地貌分为风积地貌和风蚀地貌两大范畴,风积地貌即指各种沙丘。沙丘地貌虽然是风沙堆积的产物,但其形态和类型是风沙蚀积时空变化规律的表现,在堆积形成之后,风蚀作用在沙丘形态塑造过程中有时会具有重要作用,从而形成独特的侵蚀型沙丘。但由于有悖于传统风积地貌的理解,侵蚀型沙丘长期被忽视。然而,在火星沙丘地貌的形态和分布规律研究中,已发现大量的与地球常见沙丘地貌具有微妙差异的沙丘地貌形态,并将其归咎于沙源供应不充分的发育环境。重温法国学者Mainguet沙丘分类方案中关于侵蚀型沙丘的论述,以及经典风沙地貌学理论关于沙丘形态控制因素的概念框架,明确指出研究侵蚀型沙丘的必要性。系统分析了火星沙丘地貌形态特征后,初步辨认出火星的10种侵蚀型沙丘,分析其形态特征、发育环境及可能的形成机制。地球干旱区广袤的盐碱地是极有可能发育侵蚀型沙丘的地区,具有类似火星沙源供应不足的环境,在中国柴达木盆地沙漠中发现了多种侵蚀型沙丘地貌。据此推断,侵蚀型沙丘在地球上比较普遍,其研究对发展风沙地貌学理论具有重要意义,对中国未来的火星探测与研究具有参考意义。Aeolian landforms are divided into two categories:wind deposition landforms and wind erosion landforms.The former refers to various types of sand dunes with their shapes being determined by the spatiotemporal variation of wind erosion and deposition.Wind erosion may play a significant role in reshaping the cumulated dunes which results in the formation of eroded dunes.This discovery is contrary to traditional understanding,therefore,eroded dunes have been ignored for a long time.However,many Martian dunes with subtle differences from dunes on the earth due to limited sediment supply have been found.We reviewed the description of eroded dunes by French M.Mainguet,and conceptual framework of controlling factors on dune morphology,and then pointed out clearly the necessity of studying eroded dunes.After systematic study on Martian dunes,we found ten types of eroded dunes,and then analyzed the morphology,development environment and possible formation mechanism.The vast saline-alkali land in the arid area of the earth which is similar to the limited sand supply environment on Mars is most likely to develop eroded dunes.Based on this,it can be inferred that eroded dunes are common on the earth,and the study on them is of great significance to the development of aeolian geomorphology theories and the Mars exploration in China.

关 键 词：风沙地貌 行星风沙地貌 火星沙丘地貌 侵蚀型沙丘 

分 类 号：P185.3[天文地球—天文学]