汉代画像与汉代人的等级观念  

Portraits of the Han Dynasty and the Hierarchy of the Han people

作　　者：宋艳萍[1] Song Yanping(Institute of Ancient History,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院古代史研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《东方论坛（青岛大学学报）》2021年第3期58-73,共16页Eastern Forum（JOURNAL OF QINGDAO UNIVERSITY）

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“中国古代石刻文献著录总目”(19ZDA288)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：从人类设官分职开始,即产生上下等级观念。西周时期,正式建立起严密的等级制度。秦始皇统一全国之后,实行中央集权制,建立起皇帝—三公九卿—郡县,金字塔形的等级制度,使尊卑等级观念更为加强。汉代独尊儒术,纲常伦理通过教化的方式强制推行,等级观念渗透到社会各基层之中。这种等级观念,在汉代画像中得以充分体现。汉代画像,分为现实世界和神仙世界两大主题。无论是现实世界中的周公辅成王图、拜谒图、车马出行图,还是神仙世界中的西王母、东王公、天帝、神仙出行图,无不渗透着严格的等级意识,这是汉代人等级观念的直观表达方式。When the system of government positions were established,the concept of hierarchy came into being.In the Western Zhou Dynasty,a strict hierarchy was established.After the unification of the whole country,the First Emperor of Qin implemented the centralized system and established a pyramid-shaped hierarchy of the emperor,the Three Councillors of State and Nine Ministers,provinces and counties,which strengthened the concept of hierarchy.In the Han Dynasty,Confucianism was dominant,the ethics of cardinal principles was promoted by means of education,and the concept of hierarchy penetrated into the grassroots of society.This concept of hierarchy is fully reflected in the portraits of the Han Dynasty.Those portraits have two themes:the real world and the immortal world.Both the paintings of"Zhou Gong Assisting King Cheng","Greeting Guests","Travel by Chariot and Horses"in the real world and the paintings of"Mother Queen of the West","King Father of the East","Emperor of Heaven","Traveling Immortals"in the immortal world embody a sense of strict hierarchy,which is an intuitive expression of the hierarchical concept of the Han Dynasty.

关 键 词：现实世界 神仙世界 等级观念 等级制度 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]