如何防止无辜者被强迫认罪——兼论不被强迫认罪权的程序要素  

How to Prevent the Innocents from Being Compelled to Confess——The Procedural Elements of the Right against Being Compelled to Confess

作　　者：刘静坤 Liu Jingkun

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学全面依法治国研究院

出　　处：《政法论坛》2021年第3期70-82,共13页Tribune of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“十八届三中全会以来我国刑事诉讼制度重大改革实施效果的实证研究”的研究成果(项目编号:17ZDA127)。

摘　　要：防止无辜者被强迫认罪,是健全错案防范机制、完善认罪认罚从宽制度不容回避的问题。基于错案的"冰山一角"观,无辜者被强迫认罪问题存在较大黑数。受有罪推定观念影响,侦查讯问方法存在内在的心理强制,犯罪嫌疑人认罪后容易固化有罪认定的程序偏见,潜在重刑威胁可能扭曲认罪自愿性,这些都是强迫无辜者认罪的制度成因。为建立无罪推定型刑事程序,应当将不被强迫认罪权作为权利基础,规范犯罪嫌疑人认定的司法程序和证明标准,构建以查明真相为宗旨的新型调查型讯问制度,健全识别无辜者被强迫认罪的梯次性核查询问制度,完善避免反向歧视的认罪认罚从宽制度。Preventing the innocents from being compelled to confess is a key point of preventing wrongful convictions and refining the guilty plea system. Based on the tip of the iceberg metaphor concerning wrongful convictions, there is a black box with regard to the issue of the innocents being compelled to confess. Influenced by the presumption of guilt, there is inner psychological compulsion regarding interrogations, and the procedural bias of guilty identification is highly likely to be consolidated. In addition, the threat of harsh punishment will distort the voluntariness of confessions. These are all the institutional factors relating to the phenomenon of being compelled to confess. In order to build up the criminal procedure featuring the presumption of innocence, the judicial procedure and standard of proof regarding the identification of suspects should be regulated on the basis of the right against being compelled to confess. Furthermore, the investigative interviewing system aiming to ascertain the truth should be established, and the successive review and interview mechanism designing for identifying the innocents should also be strengthened. Lastly, the guilty plea system based on negative prejudice should be avoided.

关 键 词：强迫认罪 无罪推定 调查型讯问 核查询问 认罪认罚从宽 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]