未培养环境微生物培养方法的研究进展  

Research progress on culture methods of uncultured environmental microorganisms

作　　者：熊盈盈 莫祯妮 邱树毅 曾祥勇[1,2] XIONG Yingying;MO Zhenni;QIU Shuyi;ZENG Xiangyong(School of Liquor and Food Engineering,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China;Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biological Pharmacy,Guizhou University,Guiyang,Guizhou 550025,China)

机构地区：[1]贵州大学酿酒与食品工程学院,贵州贵阳550025 [2]贵州大学贵州省发酵工程与生物制药重点实验室,贵州贵阳550025

出　　处：《微生物学通报》2021年第5期1765-1779,共15页Microbiology China

基　　金：贵州省传统发酵食品工程技术研究中心项目(黔科合平台人才[2018]5251);贵州大学引进人才项目(贵大人基合字[2018]42号)。

摘　　要：自然界中微生物种类繁多、功能多样、分布广泛,对人类健康安全、生态稳定和物种进化等发挥不可替代的作用。尽管微生物培养技术至今已有一百多年,然而由于各种限制因素的制约,目前成功分离培养的微生物仅占0.1%-1.0%,自然界中仍有十分丰富的微生物资源有待挖掘和开发利用。如何理解难培养微生物的制约因素并探索作用机制,同时借此开发新型微生物培养方法则尤为必要。本文首先分析了典型环境微生物生长的限制因素,然后介绍了目前利用传统培养改进措施进行分离筛选的研究成果,进一步综述了原位培养、共培养、微流控培养技术、细胞分选技术等新型培养技术在难培养微生物分离培养中的应用,最后对目前培养法存在的瓶颈问题进行深入分析,提出今后可在多技术联合使用、难培养微生物复苏机制、微生物互作机制、代谢途径与调控机制等方面进行研究,以期为今后微生物资源开发利用提供借鉴。Many kinds of microorganisms with several robust functions are widely distributed and abundant in the natural environment, playing critical roles in human health and safety, ecological stability and species evolution. Although microbial cultivation technologies have been developed for more than one hundred years, by far, succeeded isolated microorganisms only account for 0.1%-1.0% of the total microorganisms in the planet due to plenty of limitation factors. Abundant microbial resources in the natural environments remain to be explored and applied. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to understand the restricting elements for cultivation of microbes and elucidate mechanisms, develop novel and effective methods of microbial isolation and culture. This paper analyzes the constraint factors for the growth of typical environmental microorganisms, then shows findings on the improvements of culture media and conditions. Subsequently, applications of novel techniques in microbial isolation such as in situ cultivation, co-culture, microfluidics cultivation and cell-sorting are reviewed, finally, the present bottleneck problems constraining uncultured microbes are discussed. The integration of multiple technologies, microbial interactions, metabolic pathway and mediation mechanisms, resuscitation mechanisms should be considered in the near future. Hopefully, it can provide a basic reference for the development and utilization of microbial resources.

关 键 词：未培养微生物 复苏 原位培养 共培养 微流控培养技术 

分 类 号：Q93-335[生物学—微生物学]