广西玉林市博物馆馆藏七件铜鼓的初步分析研究  

Preliminary analysis and study of seven bronze drums in the collections of Yulin Museum in Guangxi

作　　者：黄伟[1] 李义凡 黄槐武 HUANG Wei;LI Yifan;HUANG Huaiwu(Institution of Chinese Agricultural Civilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;Yulin Museum, Yulin 537000, China;Guangxi Institute of Cultural relics Protection and Archaeology, Nanning 530003, China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学中华农业文明研究院,江苏南京210095 [2]广西玉林市博物馆,广西玉林537000 [3]广西文物保护与考古研究所,广西南宁530003

出　　处：《文物保护与考古科学》2021年第3期71-80,共10页Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology

基　　金：“三区”人才支持计划文化工作者专项资助。

摘　　要：迄今已有2700多年历史的铜鼓,是南方少数民族地区节日、喜庆、兵事、婚丧、祭祀、礼乐等场合使用的一种重器。为了对锈蚀状况做出科学的现状评估,为器物保护修复技术路线的制定和修复工作的开展提供科学指导,对玉林市博物馆馆藏7件铜鼓综合运用了体视显微镜、金相显微镜、激光显微拉曼光谱仪(RS)和环境扫描电镜及能谱仪(ESEM-EDAX)等仪器进行了金相组织和合金成分分析以及锈蚀产物的分析。分析结果显示:7件器物皆为泥范铸造成型,未见热、冷加工处理现象。7件铜鼓皆为铅锡青铜合金,总体呈低锡高铅的特点。组织形态呈典型α固溶体树枝晶偏析,锡含量处于6.0%~12.2%,分布较为集中,处于中等含量水平(5%≤Sn<15%);铅含量处于14.4%~28.2%,铅含量普遍较高且分布较为集中,处于中高铅(10%≤Pb<15%)和高铅含量(Pb≥15%)水平,合金中高铅含量配比应为工匠有意合金配比选择;铜鼓的腐蚀类型为α固溶体富铜相优先腐蚀,保存环境主要是富氧、少氯,铜鼓表面锈蚀产物主要为绿色孔雀石和蓝色蓝铜矿以及氧化物,有少量白色白铅矿。在保护修复工作中对于这些无害锈可保留,不予处理,并注重防氧。对于铜鼓表面夹杂泥土,需进行清洗去除。研究结果可为器物保护修复技术路线的制定和修复工作的开展提供科学指导。The bronze drum,which has a history of more than 2700 years,is an important instrument used in festivals,military events,weddings and funerals,sacrifices,ritual music and other oceasions in the southern minority areas.In order to make a scientific evaluation of the corrosion status and provide scientific guidance for the formulation of the technical route of protection and restoration of utensils and the development of repair work,the metallographic microscope,laser micro-Raman spoctrometer(RS)and environmental seanning electron microscope and energe dispersive spectrometer(ESEM-EDS)were used to analyze the metallographic structure,alloy composition and corrosion products of the seven bronze drums unearthed in Yulin area.The analysis results show that 1)the seven bronze drums are all cast and there is no forging and cold or hot working phenomena;2)all seven bronze drums are made of a lead-tin bronze alloy which is characterized by low tin and high lead.The microstructure is a typicalα-solid solution dendrite segregation.The tin content is between 6%and 12.2%,which is at the medium content level(5%≤Sn<15%)and the distribution is more concentrated;the lead content is between 14.4%and 28.2%which is at the medium(10%≤Pb<15%)to high(Pb≥15%)content level,and its distribution is also more concentrated.The proportion of high lead content in the alloy should be regarded as the proportion of craftsman’s intentional alloy;3)the corrosion type of the bronze drums isα-solid solution copper-rich phase priority type.The preservation environment is mainly rich in oxygen and has less in chlorine.Corrosion products on the surface of the bronze drums are mainly green malachite,blue azurite and oxides,as well as a small amount of white lead.In conservation and restoration,the harmless rust could be retained without handling,but soil dirt mixed on the surface of the bronze drums needs to be cleaned and removed.Attention should be paid to storing in an oxygen-free environment.

关 键 词：铜鼓 金相组织 合金成分 锈蚀产物 

分 类 号：K876.41[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]