变动中的图景:美国高等教育法治的演进逻辑与启示  

A changing picture:the evolution logic and implication of the rule of law in American higher education

作　　者：姚荣 YAO Rong(Institute of Higher Education,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200062,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学高等教育研究所,上海200062

出　　处：《高校教育管理》2021年第4期72-84,共13页Journal of Higher Education Management

基　　金：上海市教育发展基金会和上海市教育委员会“晨光计划”项目(19CG31)。

摘　　要：在很长一段历史时期内,美国学术界与法律界之间保持着相对疏离乃至隔绝的状态。自20世纪60年代以来,随着联邦政府和州政府更多地介入高等教育,学生、教职工以及外部人员对高等教育机构及其行政人员诉讼案件的持续增多,高等教育机构逐渐演变成美国受规制最为严格的组织类型之一。但简单套用宪法、合同法、侵权法、反歧视法等领域的法律规则与技术以调整高等教育领域法律关系的做法增加了美国高校管理的风险与负担,弱化了高校作为学术机构的本质属性,侵蚀了高校决策的完整性。在此背景下,以消解“法律工具主义”负面效应为旨归的高等教育法治建设的“反向趋势”应运而生。对我国而言,我国应在扩大高等教育领域诉讼案件受案范围的同时,矫正司法裁判立场,更新法院的裁判说理方法;强化教育行政监督权的合法性控制,增强高等教育监管的可问责性与正当性;充分重视高校法治工作在高等教育法治建设中的核心地位。For a long historical period,the American academia and the legal world had maintained relatively alienated and even isolated with each other.Since the 1960s,as the federal government and state governments became more involved in higher education,and lawsuits of students,faculty,and outsiders against institutions of higher education and their administrators continued to increase,the higher education institution had gradually evolved into one of the most regulated types of organizations in the United States.However,the simple application of legal rules and technologies in the fields of the constitution,contract law,tort law,and anti-discrimination law to adjust the legal relationship in the field of higher education increased the risks and burdens of university management,weakened the essential attributes of universities as academic institutions,and eroded the integrity of university decision-making.In this context,the"reverse trend"of higher education rule of law,aimed at eliminating the negative effects of"legal instrumentalism",has emerged.Therefore,China should correct the position of judicial judgment and update the reasoning method of the court while expanding the scope of accepting litigation cases in the field of higher education;strengthen the legal control of education administrative supervision power,and enhance the accountability and legitimacy of higher education supervision;emphasize the core position of legal work of universities in construction of the rule of law in higher education.

关 键 词：美国 高等教育法治 学术界 法律界 法律工具主义 反向趋势 

分 类 号：G649[文化科学—高等教育学]