《庄子》逍遥义考论与自由观新诠  

A Textual Research of Zhuangzi s “Xiaoyao”and a New Interpretation of His View of Freedom

作　　者：汪韶军[1] WANG Shaojun

机构地区：[1]海南大学人文传播学院,海南海口570228

出　　处：《西南大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第4期71-81,228,共12页Journal of Southwest University(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“可能的《老子》——文本对勘与思想探原(道篇)”(16FZX004),项目负责人:汪韶军。

摘　　要：逍遥一词非由庄子首创。它本是动词,表来回走动或外出闲逛。因其无目的性,又有排遣苦闷之效,故衍生出自由自在的意味,在庄子那里又与自然无为等观念汇聚为崇尚自由的思想。结合群己关系,并以西方自由主义理论反观,又可发现:庄子提醒世人(首先是人君、社会权威)丧我显吾,即消除控制占有欲,使自己成为理性的存在者,从而获得积极自由;无己丧我乃能无为,君无为则民得以自然,故庄子是为万有争取实实在在的免受外在强制的消极自由,而非寻求个人虚幻的精神自由;他还反对仁义礼的教化传统,因为用外在的仁义礼约束自我,既不能获得真正的积极自由,还会丧失消极自由。还需注意,庄子伸张的是平等共处、互不凌越的自由,而不是主奴式的自由或为所欲为的绝对自由。循此以进,可以开出万类并生、各适其天的“天放”境界。这是中国文化自身孕育出的可贵的自由理念,并曾给西方自由主义理论带去灵感。可见,自由主义在中国并非无源之水,其思想资源便是道家哲学。我们要致力于将其梳理清楚,让他们的智慧之光重现于今。The term “Xiaoyao (逍遥)” is not created by Zhuangzi. Originally it acts as a verb which means to walk back and forth or to go out for a stroll. Because of its aimlessness and comforting effect,it derives the meaning of being carefree. And when it is integrated with notions such as “ZiranWuwei (自然无为)” in Zhuangzi,it develops into thought of advocating freedom. If we review Zhuangzi s idea of freedom in the light of interpersonal relation and western liberalism,we will find:Zhuangzi reminds people (firstly governors and social authorities) to eliminate their desire to control and monopolize,thus getting themselves to become rational beings and obtain positive freedom. Only when governors do so,will they be willing to adopt politics of Wuwei. Once governors apply Wuwei,the populace will be enabled to be Ziran. Therefore,Zhuangzi is striving for tangible negative freedom for the populace,not seeking individual,illusory spiritual freedom. In addition,Zhuangzi opposes Confucian indoctrination,because it cannot grant people positive freedom,instead it deprives people of negative freedom. We should also bear in mind that Zhuangzi is advocating equal freedom,not master-slave type of freedom or so-called absolute freedom. If we comply with his view,we may attain a realm of “Tianfang (天放)”,which means multiple things co-exist and each enjoys his own nature. This is a valuable liberal thought in Chinese culture,and once it even inspires western liberalism. In fact,liberalism is not water without a source in China. Its thought resource is exactly Taoist philosophy. We cannot fail to live up to ancient sages profound thoughts any longer. Rather,we should endeavor to make them clear so that their wisdom can reappear in modern times.

关 键 词：庄子 逍遥 积极自由 消极自由 群己关系 

分 类 号：B223.5[哲学宗教—中国哲学]