兽用抗生素在土壤中的环境行为、生态毒性及危害调控  

Veterinary antibiotics in soils: Environmental processes, ecotoxicity,and risk mitigation

作　　者：王晓洁 赵蔚 张志超 程和发 陶澍[2] WANG XiaoJie;ZHAO Wei;ZHANG ZhiChao;CHENG HeFa;TAO Shu(State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China;MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes,College of Urban and Environmental Sciences,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China)

机构地区：[1]中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,有机地球化学国家重点实验室,广州510640 [2]北京大学城市与环境学院,地表过程与模拟教育部重点实验室,北京100871 [3]中国科学院大学,北京100049

出　　处：《中国科学：技术科学》2021年第6期615-636,共22页Scientia Sinica(Technologica)

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(批准号:U2006212,41725015)资助项目。

摘　　要：长期以来,集约化畜禽养殖行业广泛使用抗生素来预防和治疗传染性疾病或促进动物生长,导致其随畜禽粪便大量地进入农田土壤中,造成一系列的生态毒理效应,以及诱导抗性细菌和抗性基因的产生和增长,对人类健康带来潜在威胁.本文系统综述了兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的迁移和降解行为与机理,对植物、土壤动物与微生物的毒性效应,以及抗生素危害调控方法及其机理.抗生素在土壤中的环境行为主要包括吸附/解吸、微生物降解与非生物降解,它们与土壤的理化性质(pH、有机质含量等)以及抗生素本身结构和化学性质(官能团、疏水性等)密切相关.抗生素对植物、土壤动物与微生物的毒理效应主要取决于抗生素的种类和浓度以及土壤的理化性质等.抗生素在堆肥和厌氧消化过程中主要通过微生物降解和水解被去除.此外,畜禽粪便中的抗生素还可通过高温热解的方式被高效地分解.生物炭和石墨烯基复合材料则可以通过氢键、表面络合、静电作用、离子交换等作用吸附固定土壤中的抗生素,调控其危害.在对当前研究进展总结的基础上,本文提出了抗生素污染研究中尚待解决的重要问题,并对未来的研究方向作出展望.Concentrated animal feeding operations have long extensively used antibiotics to prevent and treat infectious animal diseases and promote the growth of farmed animals, which have resulted in discharges of large quantities of un-metabolized veterinary antibiotics into agricultural soils along with the land application of animal manure. These veterinary antibiotics in soils could exert a range of ecotoxicological effects and even induce the emergence and development of antimicrobial-resistant microbes and genes, which pose a potential threat to human health. This review provides a systematic overview of the transport and fate processes of antibiotics in the soil environment and the corresponding mechanism, their ecotoxicological effects on crops, soil fauna, and soil microorganisms, and the strategies that can be used to mitigate the risk of antimicrobial pollution and the related mechanism. The major environmental processes of antibiotics in soil, including adsorption/desorption, biodegradation, and abiotic degradation, all strongly depend on the soil’s physical and chemical properties(e.g., pH and organic matter content) and the chemical structures and properties of antibiotics(e.g., functional group and hydrophobicity). The ecotoxicological effects of veterinary antibiotics on crops, soil fauna, and soil microorganisms are mainly determined by their types and concentrations and the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Antibiotic degradation during manure composting and anaerobic digestion primarily occurs through biodegradation and hydrolysis. The antibiotics in manure can be effectively degraded by high-temperature pyrolysis. In addition, biochar and graphene-based composite materials can stabilize the antibiotics in soils through hydrogen bonding, surface complexation, electrostatic interaction, and ion exchange. Important questions that must be addressed and recommendations for future research are proposed herein based on the summary of the recent research progresses on soil pollution by antibiotics.

关 键 词：农田土壤 兽用抗生素 吸附/解吸 降解 生态毒理效应 危害调控 

分 类 号：X171.5[环境科学与工程—环境科学]