以礼为固,以仁为胜:孔子军政关系理论探赜  

Taking Li as Firmness and Ren as Victory:Confucius'Theory of Military and Political Relations

作　　者：陈林[1,2] CHEN Lin(School of Politics and Public Administration,China University of Political Science and Law,Beijing 100088,China;Tongliao Municipal Party School of CPC,Tongliao 028000,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学政治与公共管理学院,北京100088 [2]中共通辽市委党校,内蒙古通辽028000

出　　处：《武陵学刊》2021年第4期9-16,共8页Journal of Wuling

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“治国理政的中国哲学智慧研究”(16BZX053)。

摘　　要：孔子生活在列国纷争的春秋乱世,面对天下大乱、礼崩乐坏、诸侯割据的巨变,孔子以礼仁为中心构建其军政关系理论,强调“从周”与“正名”,将礼乐征伐出自天子或诸侯看作是天下有道与否的标准,暗含着对大一统政治理想的追求。在“仁”的思想指导下,孔子主张“仁战”,反对侵略战争,赞扬正义之战。孔子作为春秋时代首倡“慎战”的思想家,强调“教民即戎”,肯定了文事与武备的辩证关系,将“足兵”列为“立国三本”之一,充分肯定了备战对国家安危的重要性。在战术层面,孔子主张勇武与谋略相结合,肯定“好谋而成”的智慧之勇,主张以“三达德”加强将帅的谋略和道德修养,以“权变”智慧肯定了“临难用诈”战术的合理性,鼓励和倡导“我战则克”的英勇无畏精神。孔子军政关系理论对后世兵学理论发展产生了很大影响,在历朝历代经国治军的实践中发挥过重要作用,应肯定与继承其积极方面。Confucius lived in the turbulent times of spring and autumn,when the world was in chaos,the rites and music were broken,and the vassals were separated from each other.Confucius constructed his theory of military and political relations centering on the rites and benevolence,emphasizing"from the Zhou Dynasty"and"rectifying the name".He regarded the rites and music expedition from the emperor or the vassals as the standard of whether the world is right or not,which implied the pursuit of the political ideal of great unity.Under the guidance of Confucianism,Confucius advocated"benevolent war",opposed aggressive war and praised just war.Confucius,as a thinker who first advocated the concept of"cautious war"in the spring and Autumn period,emphasized that"teaching the people is military",affirmed the dialectical relationship between literature and military equipment,listed"foot soldiers"as one of the"three foundations of building a country",and fully affirmed the importance of war preparation for national security.At the tactical level,Confucius advocated the combination of bravery and strategy,affirmed the wisdom of"being resourceful",advocated"Three Virtues"to strengthen the strategy and moral cultivation of generals,proposed the tactical strategy of"using deceit in the face of adversity"with"contingency"wisdom,and encouraged and advocated the brave and fearless spirit of"that I fight and conquer".Confucius'theory of military and political relations has a great influence on the development of military theory of later generations.It has played an important role in the military practice of running the country and the army in successive dynasties.We should inherit and affirm its positive aspects.

关 键 词：孔子 军事伦理 军政关系 礼 仁 

分 类 号：B222[哲学宗教—中国哲学] D092[政治法律—政治学]