鸟类捕食者眼中的吉蚁蛛贝氏拟态  

Betsian mimicry spider,Myrmarachne gisit in the eyes of avian predator

作　　者：常海珍 刘杰[2] 焦晓国[2] 张增焘[2] CHANG Hai-Zhen;LIU Jie;JIAO Xiao-Guo;ZHANG Zeng-Tao(Wuhan Wuluo Road Experimental Junior High School,Wuhan 430064,P.R.China;Center for Behavioral Ecology&Evolution,School of Life Sciences,Hubei University,Wuhan 430062,P.R.China)

机构地区：[1]武汉武珞路实验初级中学,武汉430064 [2]湖北大学生命科学学院,行为生态与进化研究中心,武汉430062

出　　处：《蛛形学报》2021年第1期74-80,共7页Acta Arachnologica Sinica

基　　金：中国科学院热带森林生态学重点实验室开放课题(19CAS-TFE-3)资助项目。

摘　　要：跳蛛科蚁蛛属蜘蛛在颜色和体态上模仿蚂蚁,属于贝氏拟态。通常,动物的拟态是以人的视觉系统来评价的,但是由于蜘蛛潜在的鸟类捕食者视觉系统与人类视觉有着本质的区别,因此不能简单以人类视觉来推测蜘蛛的拟态。本文是国内首次报道通过捕食者-鸟类视觉代替人类视觉来评价吉蚁蛛的拟态特征。首先利用光谱检测系统测量吉蚁蛛(Myrmarachne gisit)与模型蚂蚁(Camponotus sp.)身体对应区域的反射光谱,然后通过蓝山雀视觉模型计算映射出吉蚁蛛和模型蚂蚁身体的颜色反差。结果表明:捕食者远距离明暗视觉能区分吉蚁蛛和模型蚂蚁的头部和胸部,但在近距离视觉时则无法区分吉蚁蛛和模型蚂蚁。研究表明吉蚁蛛拟态现象已扩展到紫外光波段,鸟类捕食者无法从体色形态上辨别吉蚁蛛和蚂蚁,可见贝氏拟态依旧是吉蚁蛛一种行之有效的防御措施。Species of Myrmarachne in the jumping spider(Salticidae),imitate ants in color and posture,which belongs to classical Betsian mimicry.Generally,animal mimicry is evaluated by human visual system,but we can't simply infbr their mimicry by human eyes because of the essential differenee between spider's potential bird predator vision and human vision.In this paper,we evaluated this classical case by replacing human vision with predator bird vision,which is the first report in China.Firstly,the reflectance spectra of the corresponding body regions of spider(Myrmarachne Gisti)and model ant(Camponotus sp.)were measured by the spectral detection system,then I calculated and mapped out the color contrast between the two bodies in the visual model of blue tit(Parus caeruleus)to test whether the body color difference between the ant and ant-mimics can be distinguished by the bird predator.The results showed that the predator could only distinguish the head and carapace of M.gisti when the long-distance under achromatic vision,but it was unlikely to find it when the short-distance under color vision.This study shows that Betsian mimicry is still an effective defending strategy for M.Gisti in theory,because the M.gisti mimicry has been extended to the ultraviolet band,but the bird predators can't distinguish the mimicry spider and ants from their body color and morphology.

关 键 词：蚂蚁 贝氏拟态 反射光谱 吉蚁蛛 捕食者 颜色视觉 

分 类 号：G62[文化科学—教育学]