关羽红面考  

A Study of Guan Yu’s Red Face Image

作　　者：楼含松[1] 王旸午及 Lou Hansong;Wang Yangwuji(School of Humanities,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310058,China)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学人文学院,浙江杭州310058

出　　处：《浙江大学学报（人文社会科学版）》2021年第3期132-142,共11页Journal of Zhejiang University:Humanities and Social Sciences

摘　　要：关羽的形象变化是一个世代累积的过程,直到元代才演化出红脸的特征。元代是关羽神格提升的关键时期,大红司命主等红色怀爱本尊是关羽红脸特征的形象来源,让关羽从传说中的地方性的冤魂恶鬼变成了全国性的佛教大护法,并具备了怀爱本尊所拥有的征服、聚财、钩摄等功能。Guan Yu’s image change is a cumulative process over generations.Only the long beard of Guan Yu is recorded in literature before the Tang Dynasty.The image of Guan Yu was divinized as a stern ghost accompanied by a long snake in the Tang Dynasty.The image I began to be associated with Buddhism and Taoism in the Song Dynasty,while his external characteristics remained in golden armor,green scarf and gorgeous beard.It was only in the Yuan Dynasty that the image of Guan Yu suddenly appeared with red face characteristics.In the previous studies,the characteristics of a red face was simply interpreted as a symbol of the spirit of loyalty and righteousness,while the negative meaning of a red face in the Chinese cultural contexts was neglected.First of all,red face and loyalty are not in a one to one correspondence,such as Liu Laozhi,Liu Zhiyuan and other unfaithful and unrighteous people also have the characteristics of a red face.The second is that red face also has such negative connotations as shame,cowardice,and wrong-heartedness.Together with the special religious and cultural background of the Yuan Dynasty,it is not difficult to find that Guan Yu’s red face characteristics were the product of the combined influence of folk beliefs and Buddhist Tantric culture.On the one hand,red is the color of blood,and the red face ghosts and deities in folk beliefs often carry the characteristics of injustice,death in vain,ferocity,and terror,which overlap with the image of Guan Sanlang recorded in the Tang Dynasty notes and correspond to Guan Yu’s experience of dying a horrific death to become a deity.On the other hand,Guan Yu’s image of red face was also influenced by the Tantric Buddhism of the Yuan Dynasty.Guan Yu’s influence was weak during the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty,and the Yuan Dynasty was a crucial period for the enhancement of Guan Yu’s divine character.For the first time,under the leadership of the great Yuan Dynasty Emperor Master Phags-pa,Guan Yu was transformed from a local ghost into a grand nat

关 键 词：关羽 红面 藏传佛教 怀爱本尊 

分 类 号：K827[历史地理—历史学] K23