黑龙江省玉米施肥现状调查分析  

Current Status of Fertilizer Application in Maize in Heilongjiang Province

作　　者：李威[1] 许芳维 陈庚 滕春红 李永刚 刘兴龙[3] 孙磊[3] 罗保军 李梁[3] 王克勤[3] 姜佰文[1] LI Wei;XU Fang-wei;CHEN Geng;TENG Chun-hong;LI Yong-gang;LIU Xing-long;SUN Lei;LUO Bao-jun;LI Liang;WANG Ke-qin;JIANG Bai-wen(College of Resources and Environmental Science,Northeast China Agricultural University,Harbin 150030;College of Agronomy,Northeast China Agricultural University,Harbin 150030;Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Harbin 150030,China)

机构地区：[1]东北农业大学资源与环境学院,哈尔滨150030 [2]东北农业大学农学院,哈尔滨150030 [3]黑龙江省农业科学院,哈尔滨150030

出　　处：《玉米科学》2021年第3期123-127,共5页Journal of Maize Sciences

基　　金：国家重点研发计划子课题“传统垄作和玉米大豆轮作模式下玉米化肥减施增效技术集成与示范”(2017YFD0201803);东北农业大学“青年才俊”项目(17QC36)。

摘　　要：2017年和2018年对黑龙江省大部分地区农户进行施肥现状问卷调查,结果表明,2017年和2018年黑龙江省玉米单位面积产量分别为6415 kg/hm^(2)和6216 kg/hm^(2)。两年农户平均施氮量分别为208 kg/hm^(2)和197 kg/hm^(2),氮肥偏生产力分别为30.8 kg/kg和31.6 kg/kg,两年农户施氮量偏高和过高比例总和分别为57.1%和45.4%,黑龙江地区玉米施氮过量。2017年和2018年磷肥平均施用量分别为78 kg/hm^(2)和81 kg/hm^(2),磷肥偏生产力分别为82.3 kg/kg和76.7 kg/kg,施磷量适宜农户比例分别为61.3%和65.8%,农户在施磷量方面表现较好。2017年和2018年钾肥平均用量为52 kg/hm^(2)和55 kg/hm^(2),钾肥偏生产力分别为123.4 kg/kg和113.1 kg/kg,两年钾肥施用过低的农户比例分别为58.1%和50.7%,黑龙江对于钾肥施用量需要提高。通过优化施肥估算,黑龙江省每年可减少氮肥施用量80万~100万t,每年可减少磷肥施用量27万~40万t。A questionnaire survey was conducted among more than 500 farmers in most areas of Heilongjiang province in 2017 and 2018.The results showed that maize grain yield in Heilongjiang province was 6415 kg/ha and 6216 kg/ha in 2107 and 2018,respectively.The average nitrogen application rate was 208 kg/ha and 197 kg/ha,in 2107 and 2018,respectively.The partial factor productivity(PFP)for nitrogen fertilizer was 30.8 kg/kg and 31.6 kg/kg,in 2017 and 2018,respectively;57.1%and 45.4%of the farmers applied excessive nitrogen fertilizer in 2017 and 2018,respectively.In 2017 and 2018,the average amounts of phosphate fertilizer were 78 kg/ha and 81 kg/ha,respectively,and the PFP for phosphate fertilizer were 78 kg/ha and 81 kg/ha,respectively.In the two years,1.3%and 65.8%of the farmers applied phosphorus fertilizer in the optimum amount.The average potash application rate in 2017 and 2018 was 52 kg/ha and 55 kg/ha,and the PFP for potash were 123.4 kg/kg and 113.1 kg/kg,respectively.In the two years,58.1%and 50.7%of farmers applied less than the optimum potassium fertilizer rate,respectively.So farmers in Heilongjiang province needs to increase the application rate of potassium fertilizer in general.In terms of fertilizer saving potential.It was estimated that overall 0.8 to 1 million tons of nitrogen fertilizer and 0.27 to 0.4 million tons of phosphate fertilizer could be reduced annually by optimizing fertilization in the province.

关 键 词：玉米 施肥量 农户调查 黑龙江省 

分 类 号：S513.062[农业科学—作物学]