反“科学理性”的潮流:“历史感”与以赛亚·柏林的思想史写作(1930-1970)  

Against the Current of Scientific Rationalism:“The Sense of History”and Isaiah Berlin's Writing of the History of Ideas(1930-1970)

作　　者：李任之 Li Renzhi

机构地区：[1]清华大学人文学院历史系,北京100084

出　　处：《史学月刊》2021年第7期109-125,共17页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：相比于以赛亚·柏林的政治理论,他的历史观念虽然一直没有受到研究者的重点关注,却在他的整体思想发展过程中起到极为关键的作用。柏林在其学术生涯早期主要从事纯粹哲学研究,并且是所谓的“牛津哲学”学派的成员;但是他在此时已经展现出对于历史的兴趣,并且运用了“历史感”之类的概念对“验证性原则”展开批判。在20世纪40—60年代,柏林愈发为科学主义在社会科学与政治哲学中的巨大影响力感到忧心;在他看来,对于历史意识的漠视不仅威胁了他崇尚的人本主义理念,并且间接地造成了战后西方世界的伦理危机。柏林认为,历史思维是一种强调历史洞见、尊崇个体性、具有独立地位的人类思维模式。不过,柏林对于“历史”的兴趣并没有使他成为一名分析的历史哲学家。对他而言,如果要取得对于人类根本境遇的真正了解,就必须同时承认观念的力量和历史性:也就是说,思想史是他的历史思想的载体,而历史思维则是他的思想史写作的前提。This essay argues that Isaiah Berlin’s historical ideas,despite its being largely,if not ubiquitously,neglected,or even underrated,by Berlinian scholars,constitutes a distinctive part in the development of his thought.In the early phase of his career,Berlin,who was still a proper philosopher and participant of the so-called"Oxford Philosophy",had already developed an enduring interest in history,and employed such notions as"historical sense"in his criticism of the"verification principle".During the time span of 1940 sand 1960 s,Berlin came to believe that the rising influence of scientism and a conspicuous lack of historical consciousness among social and political scientists not only posed a huge threat to the humanitarian ideal he championed,but was also responsible for the ethical crisis in the post-war world.Berlin’s plea for the autonomy of historical understanding as a unique form of human thinking that requires such capacities as a penetrating insight into the individuality of different human societies in history does not,however,make him a professional philosopher of history in the analytic sense.To him,obtaining a true understanding of human predicament resides in admitting the power as well as the historicity of ideas.Henceforth,history of ideas naturally becomes the medium via which his historical ideas are best conveyed,while his historical ideas underpins his decision to be an historian of ideas.

关 键 词：历史意识 个体性 科学主义 思想史 历史哲学 

分 类 号：K091[历史地理—历史学]