中古译经中的“愚”“痴”考探——兼谈基本词更替过程的复杂现象  

The yu(愚)and chi(痴)in Chinese Buddhist scriptures of Middle Chinese:On the complexity of the diachronic change of Chinese basic vocabulary

作　　者：方一新[1] 孟奕辰 FANG Yixin;MENG Yichen

机构地区：[1]浙江大学汉语史研究中心,杭州 [2]浙江外国语学院,杭州

出　　处：《中国语文》2021年第4期468-479,512,共13页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“汉语词汇通史”(14ZDB093);教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目“中古专类文献词汇研究——以道经、佛典、史书为中心”(20JJD740002)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：文章采用梵汉对勘和平行文本比较法,梳理东汉三国两晋南北朝时期125部可靠译经中"愚""痴"的词义和语素义,并发现:第一,中古时期,"愚"仍活跃在"愚昧"语义场中,但已现衰弱之势,而"痴"则有更强的组合搭配能力,呈现超过"愚"的倾向;第二,词义上,"愚"重于"无智",有贬义,而"痴"偏重于"迷惑";第三,旧词"愚"出现了"语素化"倾向,而新词"痴"在逐渐流行过程中出现了"术语化"倾向。通过"愚""痴"的演变可以发现,基本词新旧更替的过程比较漫长,旧词并非短期内就退出语言系统,而呈迂回曲折的态势,展示了变化过程的复杂性。Based on the comparison between Chinese Buddhist scriptures and their Sanskrit counterparts in parallel,this paper sorts out the meaning of yu(愚) and chi(痴) as words and morphemes in 125 reliable Chinese Buddhist scriptures ranging from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and proposes three major findings. Firstly, in Middle Chinese, while yu was still active for the interpretation of"foolishness"but with a tendency to decline,the relatively newly occurred chi appeared to be more productive in the composition of compounds. Secondly, the lexical meaning of yu focused on a negative sense of"unwisdom" whereas chi emphasized more on "bewilderment". Thirdly, yu presented a tendency to be"morphemized"while chi seemed to appear more in terminologies. Based on the above,it is suggested that the diachronic change of basic vocabulary would take a long period of time. A word does not disappear in a short term but rather declines in phases,showing the complexity of the changing process of basic vocabulary.

关 键 词：中古译经 愚 痴 梵汉对勘 基本词 

分 类 号：H711[语言文字]