清末新疆乡约的微观考察——以吐鲁番厅为个案  

A Micro Study of the Xiangyue乡约 of Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty:The Case from Turfan

作　　者：张连银[1] Zhang Lianyin

机构地区：[1]西北师范大学历史文化学院历史系,甘肃省兰州市730070

出　　处：《民族研究》2021年第3期109-120,M0005,共13页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“清朝西北边疆经略史”(批准号:20&ZD230)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：清末吐鲁番厅在确立州县制的过程中,在基层设立乡约,部分伯克亦改为乡约,乡约因而成为基层治理中的重要角色。光绪、宣统年间,乡约选任中乱象丛生,乡约更替频繁;地方财政困难,旧的伯克制度的影响导致乡约履职过程中存在苛派、贪腐等情况;乡约与民众、伯克头目、官方冲突不断。乡约选任中的利益之争、伯克制度与乡约制度的冲突、民众对苛派的不满导致乡约的负面形象被过度歪曲、夸大,再加上书手对保状、禀文等文本的加工,乡约的形象从"公平正直"嬗变为"藉公苛派",湮没了其在基层治理中的作用。乡约形象的嬗变是乡约制度在清末新疆基层治理遭遇困境的反映。In the process of establishing the system of prefectures and counties in Turpan,the xiangyue(the monitors for the customary arrangement for the rural order)system in the late Qing Dynasty gradually replaced the Beg(ageneric term for chiefs of Muslim groups in ancient Xinjiang)system and the xiangyue participated in primary-level governance.During the reign of Emperor Guangxu and Emperor Xuantong,the selection and appointment of the xiangyue fell into disarray,and the xiangyue changed frequently.The xiangyue got involved into corruption and inordinate tax and corvee due to the shortage of local finance and the influence of the old Beg system.Many conflicts between the xiangyue,local populace,Beg chiefs and the court officials arose and escalated.The conflict of interests in the selection of the xiangyue,the conflict between Beg system and the xiangyue system,and the dissatisfaction of people with the inordinate tax and corvee,led to the over distortion and exaggeration of the image for the xiangyue.In addition,the writers of official documents such as the certificate and the report,produced the image of the xiangyue from"fair and upright"to"corruptible".In official documents,the active role of the xiangyue in primarylevel governance was forgotten.The transmutation of the image of the xiangyue reflected dilemma of the governance system of the village in Xinjiang in the late Qing Dynasty.

关 键 词：清末 吐鲁番厅 乡约 苛派 

分 类 号：D691[政治法律—政治学] K252[政治法律—中外政治制度]