高风险语言测试的反拨效应:对考教学一体化的启示  

Washback of High-Stake Language Tests:Implications for the Integration of Testing,Teaching and Learning——Take the HSK as an Example

作　　者：张艳莉[1] 孔傅钰 ZHANG Yanli;KONG Fuyu(School of Chinese Studies and Exchange,Shanghai International Studies University,Shanghai 200083,China;Institute on Educational Policy and Evaluation of International Students,Beijing Language and Culture University,Beijing 100089,China)

机构地区：[1]上海外国语大学国际文化交流学院,上海市200083 [2]北京语言大学国际学生教育政策与评价研究院,北京市100089

出　　处：《外语电化教学》2021年第3期76-82,108,12,共9页Technology Enhanced Foreign Language Education

基　　金：孔子学院建设和汉语国际教育2013年度课题重点项目“汉语水平考试(HSK)考教学一体化研究”(项目编号:18CI08B);上海外国语大学校级重大科研项目“‘一带一路’视域下汉语国际教育本土化发展研究”(项目编号:2019114031)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：本研究以1,616名汉语二语学习者、112名国际汉语教师、41名国际汉语教育管理者为研究对象,采用问卷调查、课堂观察、访谈等方法,探讨汉语水平考试(HSK)对学生学习、教师教学及管理者的反拨效应。研究发现,HSK对学习、教学和管理均产生了影响,对前两者产生的积极效应大于消极效应,总体上对学习方面产生的反拨效应比教学方面显著;考试动机、对考试的认识、考试设计、院校的管理规定是影响反拨效应强度的主要因素;管理者的视角能够印证并解释考试对学习和教学的影响。基于上述研究结果,本文从实证视角为考、教、学三者的关系提供证据并尝试构建考教学一体化的教育生态系统。As a part of the consequential validity of tests,washback effect has great importance in evaluating the quality of tests and promoting education reform.Testing,teaching and learning are important sections in the education system,and they should be effectively distinguished and connected.In order to explore the relationship among testing,teaching and learning from the perspective of empirical study,and to develop an integrated education ecosystem,this paper aims to explore the washback of Chinese Proficiency Test(HSK) on students’ learning,teachers’ teaching and administrators’ management by means of questionnaire,classroom observation and interview.The results showed that HSK had an impact on learning,teaching and management,the positive effect was greater than the negative effect’and the washback effect on learning was greater than that on teaching.For students,HSK influenced learning strategies,learning methods,learning attitude,and provided learning goals for a period of time.The factors that affected the washback strength were students’ motivation and understanding of HSK.Setting a high value on the test,great familiarity coupled with strong internal motivation would strengthen the backwash.If students estimated that the test was excessively difficult,the washback strength would be weakened.In addition,HSK had the strongest effect on students of lower levels,especially those of Level 1,and the slightest effect on students of higher levels,especially those of Level 6.The reason for this result was that the two groups of students had different internal motivations,learning strategies and understanding of the test.For teachers,HSK influenced the teaching content,teaching methods and distribution of teaching time,while some teachers assumed that HSK had no prominent effect on teaching.The understanding of the test and regulations of universities and institutions were the main factors that influenced the strength of washback.For administrators,HSK influenced the policy-making,the arrangement of courses a

关 键 词：反拨效应 汉语水平考试(HSK) 教育系统 语言测试 

分 类 号：H319.3[语言文字—英语]