论自然权利的不完备性  

On the Incompleteness of Natural Rights

作　　者：程志敏 CHENG Zhi-min(Research Center of Social Sciences,Hainan University,Haikou,570228)

机构地区：[1]海南大学社科中心,海口570228

出　　处：《现代法学》2021年第4期55-62,共8页Modern Law Science

基　　金：国家社科基金项目“培根著作集翻译与研究”(18BZX093);教育部后期资助重大项目“苏格拉底的申辩章句疏释”(17JHQ0012);“海南大学科研启动基金资助项目”(kyqd[sk]18001)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：自然权利来自于自然法,同时也是对后者的悖离,这注定了它在理论上的不完备和实践上的无能为力。自然权利的不完备性首先体现在来源上的含混甚至脆弱,它不再诉诸超验的存在,而人的理性又终归靠不住,最终只能诉诸普遍同意或契约。此外,自然权利不再与“存在”和“自然”相关,而仅仅是人这种特殊存在者的特权,其内容也萎缩成“自我保存”,丧失了更高的标准。自然权利不再是“正确”或“正义”的产物,而仅仅是“能力”的结果。这种能力的实质是控制和占有,它以“自由”为前提,实际上是在为近代市民国家的建立以及后来的资本主义扩张奠定理论基础。单纯谈自然权利,只能导致它的自我毁灭,人类命运共同体更多地要求它与“自然义务”相结合。Natural right comes from natural law,while the former is a revolt of the latter,which is bound to be innate deficiency in theory and disabled inefficiency in practice.The incompleteness of natural right lies first in its ambiguity even fragility of origins,which no longer resorts to transcendent being,whereas human reason is not reliable in the end,so it has no other roots than common consent or contact.Furthermore,natural right is no longer related to Being and Nature,but to human being only,as a consequence,its content shrinks to be self-preservation,and it eventually loses a higher measure.Natural right has no longer been a product of“right”or“justice”,but merely a result of faculty or power.And the essence of this kind of faculty is but domination and occupation,which,as the premise of freedom,is in fact to lay a theoretical foundation for the establishment of modern state nations and their later capitalist expansions.A mere talking about natural right can only lead to its self-destruction,for human community with a shared future demands itself more on an incorporation with natural duty.

关 键 词：自然权利 自然法 理性 存在 义务 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]