疫苗接种与群体免疫的伦理反思——个人是否有接种疫苗的道德义务?  

Ethical Review on Vaccine Inoculation and Herd Immunity--Shall Each Person Have Moral Obligation for Vaccine Inoculation?

作　　者：史军 Shi Jun

机构地区：[1]暨南大学马克思主义学院,广东广州510632

出　　处：《湖北大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第5期1-8,168,共9页Journal of Hubei University(Philosophy and Social Science)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“重大疫情防控的伦理研究”(20AZX018);教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“疫苗接种的伦理研究”(19YJA720011)。

摘　　要：通过疫苗接种获得群体免疫是现代社会预防控制传染病最经济、最有效的措施。但许多人仍拒绝为自己或其孩子接种疫苗,在一些西方国家,拒绝接种疫苗的人口比例居高不下,对人类的公共健康事业造成了很大的威胁。拒绝接种疫苗者认为,当群体免疫尚未实现时,无论个人是否接种疫苗,他人受感染的风险都很高,个人的决定对他人感染风险的影响可忽略不计;而当群体免疫已经实现时,个人可以合理地“免费搭车”,因为个人不接种疫苗对他人造成的风险也可忽略不计。在这两种情况下,个人贡献或不贡献的微不足道意味着个人没有接种疫苗的道德义务。而实际上,无论群体免疫是否实现,每个个体的疫苗接种行为在道德上都很重要,因为任何个人的不接种行为都会增加对他人造成巨大伤害的风险——即便是以极小的方式。功利主义和不伤害原则都有助于论证接种疫苗的道德义务。当可以通过接种疫苗降低对他人预期伤害的风险时,个人有义务这样做。Herd immunity through vaccination is one of the safest and most effective means to deal with infectious diseases in modern society.Although knowing this,there are still some people refusing to vaccinate for their children and themselves.In some western countries,the proportion of people who refuse to be vaccinated continues to rise,which poses a huge threat to human public health.Anti-vaccine personages may say:when the herd immunity has not yet been realized,no matter whether the individual is vaccinated or not,the risk of infection of others is very high,so the impact of individual decision on the risk of infection of others can be ignored;when the herd immunity has been realized,the individual can reasonably“free ride”,because the risk of not being vaccinated to others is also negligible.In both cases,the insignificance of individual contribution means that the individual has no moral obligation to vaccinate.In fact,whether or not the community has achieved herd immunity,the vaccination behavior of each individual is morally important,because the behavior of not being vaccinated of any individual will increase the risk of infection—even in a very small way.Utilitarianism and the principle of no harm can help to demonstrate the moral obligation of vaccination.When we can reduce the risk of expected harm to others through vaccination,we have to.

关 键 词：疫苗接种 群体免疫 道德义务 免费搭车 功利主义 不伤害原则 

分 类 号：B82[哲学宗教—伦理学]