化肥减施和施肥方式对马铃薯产量和块茎氮素积累的影响  

Effects of Reduced Fertilizer Application and Fertilization Methods on Potato Yield and Tuber Nitrogen Accumulation

作　　者：李成晨 索海翠[1] 罗焕明[1] 安康[1] 刘计涛 王丽[1] 单建伟 杨少海[2] 李小波[1] LI Chengchen;SUO Haicui;LUO Huanming;AN Kang;LIU Jitao;WANG Li;SHAN Jianwei;YANG Shaohai;LI Xiaobo(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement,Crops Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China;Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China)

机构地区：[1]广东省农业科学院作物研究所,广东省农作物遗传改良重点实验室,广州510640 [2]广东省农业科学院,广州510640

出　　处：《中国农业科技导报》2021年第9期173-183,共11页Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology

基　　金：广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2020B0202010005-5);国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFD020080902);广东省农业科学院作物研究所/广东省农作物遗传改良重点实验室开放基金项目(201901);广东省甘薯马铃薯产业技术体系创新团队项目(2020KJ111)。

摘　　要：为提高广东省冬种马铃薯化肥施用效率,以马铃薯费乌瑞它为材料,设置不施肥(CK)、一次性基施化肥100%用量(TCF100)、一次性基施化肥80%用量(TCF80)、水肥一体化滴灌施化肥100%用量(WCF100)、水肥一体化滴灌施化肥80%用量(WCF80)和水肥一体化滴灌施化肥60%用量(WCF60)共6个施肥处理,研究不同处理下马铃薯的产量、农艺性状、匍匐茎特性、植株氮含量和氮肥偏生产力。结果表明,化肥减量20%对马铃薯产量无显著影响。在水肥一体化滴灌施肥方式下,WCF80处理的株高和匍匐茎数较WCF100分别显著增加15.32%和33.3%;氮肥偏生产力(PFPT、PFPC、PFPTN、PFPCN)分别显著增加13.93、21.54、44.75、64.63 kg·kg-1。等量养分下,WCF80处理的产量较TCF80处理显著增加11 267.38 kg·hm-2,且马铃薯的株高、分枝数、生物量、块茎干物质积累、氮肥偏生产力和土壤pH均显著增加。化肥减施后更符合马铃薯的需肥规律,减肥20%的TCF80和WCF80处理块茎中氮含量分别比TCF100和WCF100处理减少了19.87%和10.20%,而马铃薯地上部氮含量分别显著增加39.55%和46.15%,化肥减施后地上部氮含量的增加有利于氮素循环利用和下茬作物的氮肥减施,为广东省合理使用化肥和发展绿色农业提供参考依据。In order to improve the fertilizer efficiency of winter potatoes in Guangdong, Favorita was used as the material, and six fertilizer treatments were set including no fertilizer(CK), one-time base application with 100% fertilizer(TCF100), one-time base application with 80% fertilizer(TCF80), drip irrigation application with 100% fertilizer(WCF100), drip irrigation application with 80% fertilizer(WCF80) and drip irrigation application with 60% fertilizer(WCF60). The yield, agronomic traits, stolon characteristics, nitrogen content and nitrogen partial productivity of potato were determined. The results showed that fertilization reduced 20% had no significant effect on yield of potato. Compare with WCF100, plant height and stolons number of WCF80 were increased by 15.32% and 33.3%, respectively;and productivity of nitrogen fertilizer(PFPT, PFPC, PFPTN, PFPCN) of WCF80 were increased by 13.93, 21.54, 44.75, and 64.63 kg·kg-1, respectively. Compare with TCF80, the yield of WCF80 were significantly increased by 11 267.38 kg·hm-2, and plant height, branch number, biomass, tuber dry matter accumulation, nitrogen partial productivity and soil pH of WCF80 were improved. Compared with TCF100 and WCF100, nitrogen contents of tuber in TCF80 and WCF80 were reduced by 19.87% and 10.20%, while nitrogen contents of shoot were increased significantly by 39.55% and 46.15%, respectively. The increasing of nitrogen content in shoot was beneficial to recycling of nitrogen and reduction of nitrogen fertilizer in the future, which provided theoretical basis for efficient utilization of chemical fertilizer and development of green agriculture in Guangdong Province.

关 键 词：化肥减施 马铃薯 产量 氮素积累 氮肥偏生产力 

分 类 号：S532[农业科学—作物学]