文学地位不再?何种地位?谁之地位?  

Literature’s Loss of Status?Which Status?Whose Status?

作　　者：埃伦娜·卡瓦良·布埃斯库 Helena Buescu(Comparative Literature at ULisboa)

机构地区：[1]里斯本大学

出　　处：《文艺理论研究》2021年第4期81-88,共8页Theoretical Studies in Literature and Art

摘　　要：在过去的几十年里,人们常说,且往往夸大其词地说,人文科学——尤其是文学——已失去了象征性地位。这一悲观的立场认为,我们将无路可退——仿佛我们位处著名的"历史的终结"时刻,一如福山在柏林墙倒塌后所预见的那样。我建议以更深刻的历史洞察力来看待这个问题,并考虑到对地位(无论是获得还是失去)的讨论往往出于一个视角、一种立场,其性质也关乎我们作为观察者和读者在文化上处理的文学百科全书。因此,我讨论了所谓"地位不再"的性质,以强调它根植于将文学作为首要的民族的表达这一理解。然而,如果我们采取其他立场,这一讨论的问题性质就会发生有趣的变化。然后,通过强调损失往往意味着转化,我继续讨论"归属形式"对于理解文学和人文学科的象征性质的关键作用。我们应该考虑到知识和文化资本之间的区别,这种区别有助于我们理解周围的诸多实践领域。总之,我们应该将所有困扰我们领域的"终结"和"死亡"予以相对化的处理,因为它们认为文学注定会成为一种文化和象征意义上的损失,或标志着注定消失的过去。Humanities’ loss of symbolic status and, most especially, literature’s loss of symbolic status have, in the last decades, been stated, and frequently overstated. The pessimistic position is to consider that there will be no way back——as if we were at the famous “end of history” that Fukuyama thought to have foreseen with the end of the Berlin wall and the pivotal historical moment lived in its wake. I propose to look at this question with a deeper historical insight, taking into consideration that status(either gained or lost) is always a matter of perspective, of position, and of the nature of the encyclopedia that we as observers and readers culturally tackle. I therefore discuss the nature of the supposed loss of status, to underline that it is an heritage of the understanding of literature as first and foremost an expression of a nation. If we take alternative stances, however, the nature of the question we are discussing interestingly differs. I then proceed to discuss “forms of belonging” as crucial to the understanding of the symbolic nature of literature and the humanities, by stressing that losses are always transformations;that we should take into account the distinction between knowledge and cultural capital(Jeffrey Adams);and that we are surrounded by practical fields in which this distinction and its consequences are played for us to understand them. In my view, then, we should relativise all the “ends” and “deaths” that have plagued our field, which have led to the idea that literature is condemned to be just a cultural and symbolic loss, or marker of a doomed past.

关 键 词：文学的象征价值 文学与民族 文学的终结 

分 类 号：I0[文学—文学理论]