上古文学中的神怪声音书写与音景构设——以《山海经》为中心  

The Sound Writing of the Supernatural Beings and the Construction of Soundscape in Ancient Literature—— Focusing on The Classic of Mountains and Sea

作　　者：梁奇[1] 高丹 Liang Qi;Gao Dan

机构地区：[1]上海大学文学院,上海200444

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2021年第5期74-84,209,共12页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学一般项目“唐前社会嬗变与文献中神怪形象演化”(15YJA751016)。

摘　　要：上古文学中的神怪描写在注重体貌的同时,亦有诸多声音书写。作为早期声音书写的集大成之作,《山海经》描绘了众多动物的声音。这些声音多为动物对人与兽类声音的简单模仿。依据模仿对象的不同可将声音分为模声禽兽、鸟兽自鸣、模声人类与模声自然四种类型。声音赋予动物旺盛的生命力与超乎寻常的功能,我们可将其视为一种写人艺术,把这些动物看作具有人的情感与言语特征的神怪,并纳入人的范畴进行审视,这体现了中国文学以声见物的神圣叙事传统。其中,山穴深泽和暮夜是神怪声音存在的时空场域,蕴含着先民的山川崇拜、巫术信仰等文化意义。神怪声音能产生"听觉冲击力",与视觉冲击形成互补之势,促使倾听者构设正负两种音景(soundscape)。研究这些声音及其音景,可弥补以往的神怪研究中重视体貌与视觉而忽略声音与听觉的偏颇,这既能丰赡神怪定义的内涵,拓展神话研究的范畴,纠正当前神话研究的"失聪"现象,补证《山海经》的成书时代,也能窥测汉赋中动物声音与六朝志怪小说中神怪声音的书写模式,有益于相关领域交叉研究的深入开展。The depiction of the supernatural beings in ancient literature not only paid attention to physical appearance,but also had a lot of sound writing. As a masterpiece of early sound writing,The Classic of Mountains and Seas describes the sounds of many animals. Most of the sounds in The Classic of Mountains and Sea were simple imitation of human and animal sounds. According to the different objects of imitation,the sound could be divided into four types: animal,human,nature and self. Sound endows animals with exuberant vitality and extraordinary functions,so we can regard it as a kind of art of writing people,and regard these animals as supernatural beings with human emotion and speech characteristics,and examine them in the category of human,which reflects the sacred narrative tradition of seeing things with sound in Chinese literature. Mountains,caves and nights are the space-time field where the sounds of supernatural beings existed,which contain the ancestors mountain worship,religious beliefs,and so on. The sounds of the supernatural beings can produce the "auditory impact"that complements the visual impact,allowing listeners to construct positive and negative soundscape. A comprehensive study of the sounds of supernatural beings may compensate for the prejudice of valuing appearance and vision over sound and hearing. It can not only enrich the connotation of supernatural beings,expand the definition standard of supernatural beings,correct the phenomenon of deafness in current mythological research,and rectify the era when The Classic of Mountains and Seas was written,but also explore the writing mode of animal sounds in Han Fu and supernatural beings sounds in the Six Dynasties mystery novels,and even inspire us to carry out further interdisciplinary studies.

关 键 词：上古文学 《山海经》 声音书写 时空场域 音景构设 神圣叙事 

分 类 号：I206.2[文学—中国文学]