民法典背景下的宅基地“三权分置”:实践考察与规范诠释  

“Separation of Three Rights”of Homestead under the Background of the Civil Code:Practical Investigation and Normative Interpretation

作　　者：石佳友[1] 刘欢[2] SHI Jiayou;LIU Huan(The Research Center of Civil and Commercial Jurisprudence,Renmin University of China,Beijing,China 100872;Law School,Renmin University of China,Beijing,China 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学民商事法律科学研究中心,北京100872 [2]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《温州大学学报（社会科学版）》2021年第4期35-48,共14页Journal of Wenzhou University：Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目(20ZDA049)。

摘　　要：宅基地“三权分置”的政策意图既包括通过“使用权”盘活利用闲置宅基地,增加农民的财产收入,也包括利用资格权保障农民不因宅基地使用权流转导致居住利益无所保障。在《中华人民共和国民法典》背景下,落实宅基地集体所有权的应然路径为推动集体经济组织立法,厘清农村集体经济组织法人、农民集体和农户个体之间的关系。宅基地资格权指向农民可以初始取得以及在宅基地流转期限届至时收回宅基地。社会主体取得的“使用权”应当界定为用益物权。在下一步的宅基地改革中,宅基地使用权与“使用权”均应设置一定期限,前者可以参照国有住宅建设用地使用权“固定期限+自动续期”的模式进行。同时,还应区分宅基地流转与宅基地退出,构建宅基地自愿有偿退出的法律机制。The policy intention of“Separation of Three Rights”of homestead includes not only revitalizing the use of idle homestead through“right of use”to increase farmers’property income,but also using the right of qualification to protect farmers from the loss of residential interests due to the transfer of homestead.Under the background of The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,the proper way to implement the collective ownership of homestead is to promote the legislation of collective economic organizations and clarify the relationship among the legal person of rural collective economic organizations,collective farmers and individual farmers.The right of homestead qualification refers to the right that that farmers can obtain the homestead initially and take back the homestead when the term of homestead transfer expires.The“right of use”obtained by social subjects should be defined as usufructuary right.In the next step of homestead reform,both the right to use homestead and the right of use should be set with a certain time limit.The former can also refer to the mode of“fixed period+automatic renewal”of the right to use state-owned residential construction land.At the same time,a clear distinction should be made between homestead transfer and homestead exit,so as to build a legal mechanism of voluntary and paid exit of homestead.

关 键 词：《中华人民共和国民法典》 宅基地使用权 “三权分置” 资格权 使用权 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]