教育公平视域下美国高校招生配额制的合宪性审查——以“公平录取学生组织诉哈佛大学案”为核心的分析  

The Constitutional Review of Admission Quota System in the Context of Educational Equality:A Legal Analysis of Students for Fair Admissions v.Harvard

作　　者：涂云新[1] Tu Yunxin

机构地区：[1]复旦大学人权研究中心(国家人权教育与培训基地)

出　　处：《南大法学》2021年第5期57-83,共27页NanJing University Law Journal

基　　金：2016年上海市哲学社会科学规划课题(教育法治专项)“各类教育组织与受教育者之间的法律关系研究”(项目编号:2016 WJW005)的资助。

摘　　要：美国自20世纪60年代以来施行的积极平权措施旨在为少数族裔提供优惠照顾,以矫治教育资源分配之不公,补偿少数族裔在历史上所遭受之不义。自1978年“加州大学董事会诉巴基案”以来,积极平权措施的合宪性遭受到多方面的挑战。种族因素在何种意义和多大程度上可以作为高校招生政策的一部分进行考虑,直接关乎以积极平权措施为导向的招生政策是否合宪。“公平录取学生组织诉哈佛大学案”开启了关涉亚裔群体是否在美国精英大学遭受系统性歧视的探讨,此案涉及诸如当事人起诉资格、种族平衡、亚裔配额、种族多元化、群聚效应理论、替代性种族中立招生政策等高度争议的法律问题,同时也向法院提出了审查基准选择和适用上的挑战,审查基准的确认与司法介入之强度等皆关联着法院审查大学招生政策的正当性。美国联邦最高法院对“公平录取学生组织诉哈佛大学案”的审判无疑将深刻促进美国精英大学未来招生政策的变革,同时也会对招生配额制的未来走向和命运产生重大的影响。Since the 1960s,the United States has been pushing and implementing Affirmative Action across the educational sectors.The very purpose of the plan is to provide preferential treatment for the disadvantageous groups in the society,its rational is to correct the unfair educational resource allocation,compensate the historical injustice and provide racial diversity in educational system.Since the Bakke case in 1978,Affirmative Action is under attacks from all aspects.In what sense and to what extent can race be considered as a factor in college admissions will determine whether the recruitment policies can survive the constitutional scrutiny or not.The Harvard Discrimination Trial opens serious debates about the Asian Problem in many elite American universities.The core legal issues in the case inevitably include controversies such as locus standi,racial balancing,racial quota,critical mass,race-neutral policy.Moreover,the case also presents judicial challenges for the court on the choices of standards of review.Standards of review and the degree of judicial intervention are correlated in the context of the constitutional legitimacy of the court to review admission policies which are basically academic judgments.The Harvard Discrimination Trial will undoubtedly change the course of the admission reform for elite American universities,and it will also have profoundly impacts on the fate of Affirmative Action.

关 键 词：美国宪法第十四修正案 歧视 招生配额 积极平权措施 合宪性 

分 类 号：G647.32[文化科学—高等教育学] D971.2[文化科学—教育学] DD912.1[政治法律—法学]