19世纪霍乱疫情与伦敦水基础设施的现代化  

Cholera Epidemic and the Modernization of London’s Water Infrastructure in the 19th Century

作　　者：陆伟芳[1,2] 余志乔 LU Wei-fang;YU Zhi-qiao

机构地区：[1]上海师范大学世界史系,上海200234 [2]上海师范大学都市文化中心,上海200234 [3]上海师范大学,上海200234

出　　处：《求是学刊》2021年第4期158-168,共11页Seeking Truth

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“伦敦社会住房历史变迁研究(1855—2020)”(17ZDA229);国家社科基金重点项目“多卷本《西方城市史》”(20ASS006)。

摘　　要：19世纪英国经历了4次比较严重的霍乱疫情,其中仅伦敦就有3.7万人因此丧生。这种新型瘟疫对英国社会提出了挑战。英国人对霍乱传播途径,先认定是人际传播,后来坚信瘴气理论,不同意斯诺的水传播看法。英国人依靠议会立法手段,通过法律,建立相关组织,授权采取措施。从30年代的"隔离"隔绝健康人与患者,到40—50年代的"大清扫""大清洁"清除垃圾,建设下水道,排除污水,规范管道水,歪打正着地阻断了霍乱弧菌传播的渠道。由此可见,英国的霍乱疫情在一定程度上推动了给排水基础设施的现代化建设。Britain suffered four serious cholera epidemics in the 19th century,in which 37,000 people died in London alone.This new type of cholera posed a challenge to British society.The British first identified interpersonal transmission as the route of cholera transmission.Later they became convinced of the miasma theory but disagreed with Snowe’s view of waterborne transmission.The British relied on parliamentary legislative means,passed laws and established organisations to authorise measures.From the"quarantine"in the 1830s to isolate healthy people from the sick,to the"clean-up"during 1840s and 1850s to remove rubbish,build sewers,remove sewage and regulate plumbing,all these measures helped to stop the spread of Vibrio cholerae.Thus the cholera epidemic in Britain thus provided some impetus for the modernization of water supply and drainage infrastructure.

关 键 词：19世纪 霍乱 伦敦 立法 基础设施 

分 类 号：R-09[医药卫生]